1. Essential Questions: 1.What compounds ( nutrients) make up living things? 2.What are the basic biochemical processes in living organisms? 3.How do the biochemical processes and compounds maintain homeostasis in organisms?

2. HOW DOES THIS EFFECT MY LIFE?

3. vocabulary Active site: Amino acids: Carbohydrates: Catalyst: Dehydration Synthesis: Dipeptide: Disaccharide:

4. Vocabulary cont. Enzymes: Fatty acid: Hydrolysis: Inorganic Compounds: Lipids: Monosaccharide: Organic Compounds:

5. Vocabulary cont. Polysaccharide: Proteins Saturated fats: Starch: Substrate: Unsaturated Fats:

6. Introduction to Chemistry Life depends on a combination of different elements There are 92 elements that make up all of the human body. Elements: substances made of entirely one kind of atom.

7. Example of Elements Element Name CARBON HYDROGEN OXYGEN NITROGEN Potassium CALCIUM SODIUM Symbol C H O N K Ca Na

8. There are many important compounds in Living Organisms A compound a chemical combination of two or more different elements Every Compound has a Chemical Formula Ex. NaHCO 3 Sodium BiCarbonate

9. Important Compounds FORMULANAMEELEMENTS PRESENT H2OH2OWATERHYDROGEN OXYGEN C 6 H 12 O 6 GLUCOSECARBON HYDROGEN OXYGEN CO 2 CARBON DIOXIDECARBON OXYGEN NaClSODIUM CHLORIDESODIUM CHLORINE

10. Special Compounds (water) It is a major constituent of fluid in living organisms It has a pH of 7 It is known as the Universal solvent because more things dissolve in water than any other compound In organisms, it is used to regulate temperature, dissolve and transport nutrients and wastes and helps maintain homeostasis

11. Special Compounds: Acids, Bases, & pH 1. pH scale is a unit of measurement that indicates the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution * The lower the pH, more H+, More acidic *The higher the pH, less H+, more basic 2. Acids have a pH between 1-6 3. Bases have a pH between 8-14 A pH of 7 exactly is said to be neutral

12. pH scale

13. Inorganic vs. Organic Compounds Inorganic Compounds 1. DO NOT Contain carbon and hydrogen at the same time 2. They may contain one or the other. 3. Examples: CO 2 CARBON DIOXIDE NaCl SODIUM CHLORIDE H 2 O WATER Organic Compounds 1. Must Contain carbon and hydrogen at the same time 2. Examples: C 6 H 12 0 6 GLUCOSE CH 4 METHANE C 9 H 13 NO 3 EPINEPHRINE

15. Carbohydrates 1.Contains C, H, O 2.Elements are in a 1:2:1 ratio example GLUCOSE – end in “ose” 3. Represented by a RING-SHAPED symbol 4. They are commonly called SACCHARIDES 5. They contain large amounts of energy.

16. Carbohydrates cont. Monosaccharides: simple sugars, single ring Examples: (monomers) Glucose Fructose Galactose Dissacharides: two ring sugars, formed through dehydration synthesis Examples: (polymers) Maltose Lactose * Polysaccharides: many ring sugars, formed through dehydration synthesis Examples: (Polymers) starches Plants- cellulose Animals- glycogen

17. Lipids 1.Contains C, H, O 2.Commonly called fats, oils, and waxes 3.Important part of cell membrane 4. Also prevents water loss and serves as reserve energy supply 5. Insulates and cushions body cells.

18. Protein 1.Contain C, H,N, and O 2.Make –up, parts of the cell membrane enzymes & pigments 3. Serve as a long-term (last resort) of energy 4. They are represented by AMINO ACIDS linked together. 5. Different Amino Acids link together (PEPTIDE BONDS) to create what is known as a POLYPEPTIDE. Then these chains twist and fold together to make a larger protein molecule.

19. Nucleic Acids 1.Contain C,H,O,N and P (N= Nitrogen) (P= Phosphorous) 2. Monomers: Nucleotide 3. Polymers: DNA and RNA DNA = DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID RNA= RIBONUCLEIC ACID 4. Storage site of genetic information and directs the production of proteins

20. Chemical Reactions 1.Everything that happens in an organism-growth, development, response to the environment- is a result of chemical reactions inside an organism. 2.A CHEMICAL REACTION is a process that changes one set of chemicals to into another set of chemicals. 3.It always involves the BREAKING OF BONDS between atoms and the formation of new ones. 4.Chemists call the energy needed to get a reaction started the ACTIVATION ENERGY 5.Some Biochemical reactions have activation energies that are too high to make them practical for living tissue.

21. Vocabulary Active Site _____________________________ Substrate _____________________________ Enzyme-Substrate Complex ______________________________________

22. Enzymes and Catalysts 1.A catalyst A SUBSTANCE THAT INCREASES THE RATE OF A REACTION WITHOUT BEING CHANGED ITSELF 2. ENZYMES are the specialized proteins found in living things that act as biological catalysts. They speed up the chemical reactions that take place in cells. 3. They work because they HAVE A VERY SPECIFIC SHAPE AND CAN ATTACH TO A SUBSTRATE.

23. Enzyme Names 1.Names of enzymes often end in -ase 2.They also end in -in 3.Examples: Lipase works on LIPIDS Protease PROTEIN Lactase LACTOSE Pepsin PROTEIN_

24. Enzyme Basics 1.The way that enzymes lower the “activation energy” that is required for a reaction is they physically provide a place for the reaction to occur. 2.Enzymes can be reused and are able to attach to a very specific substrate and speed up chemical reaction without changing themselves.

25. Types of Reactions controlled by enzymes Synthesis reactions put together simple, smaller molecules to form a larger complex molecule. Digestion Reactions break down complex molecules to form many, smaller simple molecules.

26. Enzyme “LOCK & KEY” Model It explains how enzymes work…………..

27. The ACTIVE SITEon the enzyme attaches to a SUBSTRATE molecule forming an ENZYME-SUBSTRATE COMPLEX. While attached to the substrate, the enzyme causes a weakening of certain chemical bonds in the substrate molecule, resulting in the breakdown of the substrate into smaller product molecules. The ENZYME THEN DETACHES ITSELF and is free to catalyze the breakdown of another substrate molecule.

28. Factors Affecting Enzyme Function 1.Temperature When temperatures get too high the enzyme will become denatured. Denaturing CHANGES THE SHAPE OF THE ENZYME AND MAKESIT UNABLE TO FUNCTION. Most human body enzymes work best at 37 0 C normal core body temperature.

29. Factors Affecting Enzyme Function 2. pH Each enzyme works at a specific pH. Most inside cells work at a pH close to 7 or 8. Stomach( gastric) enzymes such as pepsin work a pH of 1-2 Pancreatic Lipase works best at an optimal pH of 7-8 The human body has about 3 different known types of enzymes.