1. Chapter 8 Word-Formation by Reduction Morphology Lane 333

2. Word-formation processes Word-formation occurs by: - adding morphemes (affixation) - change the shape without using additional elements (ablaut) - conversion (dink (N), drink (V)) - abbreviations: by shortening words & longer lexical expressions

3. Abbreviations Sometimes the shortened expressions achieve the status of normal expression for what is meant & the older, longer forms disappear LASER (light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation) AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome)

4. Clipping Clipping the ends of words is called APOCOPE, e.g. TAXI from taximeter, CAB from cabriolet Clipping of beginnings is called PROCOPE e.g. BUS from omnibus, Clipping of both ends; e.g. FLU from influenza The result of clipping might be a new affix as a bound lexical morpheme; e.g. MINI from miniature in MINIMUM Exercise 8.4

5. Blends Blends: when two words are combined to form a single one by taking the first part of one & the last part of the other one Example - SMOG (smoke+ fog) - BRUNCH (breakfast+ lunch) The meaning is relevant to the meaning of both of the source words The weak form is when one word is imported into the reduced frame of the other, as in SKYJACK, with sky inserted into a reduced HIJACK

6. Telescoping Telescoping: is a type of blending where two words are formed into one by the omission of a portion of one word duplicated in the other Example SLNAGUAGE from ‘slang’ ‘language’

7. Acronymy An acronym: is a word formed by the initial letters of the words of a longer expression, pronounceable as a natural word of the language in question. Example - LASER - AIDS

8. Initialism Initialism: words formed from initial letters which continue to be pronounced as a string of letters, whether or not that string could represent a pronounceable word Example - CD - KFC

9. English Pet-name formation English pet-name formation: is done by taking the base of a given name and adding – y or –ie to it or to an abbreviated form of it Example - John/ Johnny - Ann/Annie