1. Journal Entry Tuesday 10/13/15 How does John O’Sullivan shape the United States?

2. Weekly Agenda: Monday: No School Tuesday: Nation is shaped Wednesday: PSATs Thursday: Causes of the Civil War Friday: Causes of the Civil War

3. Daily Agenda 10/13/15 Agenda: – Discuss what state (physically) the nation is in prior to the Civil War – Introduce how we are going to study and research the causes of the Civil War Goals: – Understand the general geography of the nation leading into the Civil War and why this is important – Understand how we are going to research the causes of the Civil War

4. Westward Ho!!!!!!! As we discussed last unit the peoples of the United States feel it is their right to expand from coast to coast There are several geography issues that arise that play into the causes of the Civil War, these issues will help you with the context of how/why geography plays a part in the cause of the Civil War – Think sectionalism and nationalism

5. Pre Louisiana Purchase The nation is budding and people (as we have previously discussed) begin to have the desire to move west…

6. Then what happens? After the purchase of the Louisiana Territory westward expansion begins…. A series of events occur that lead to the acquisition/creation of states in the “west”

7. Two things occur that essentially tell European nations the US wants to keep them out of US territories/land 1.Secretary John Adams states the following in 1823 – “The American continents are no longer subject for any new European colonial establishment” This leads to a treaty signing between the US and Russia in 1824 where the southern boundary claim for Russia’s northern territory in 54°40’ – Eventually the 49 th parallel is accepted as the northern border of the US (we will get there)

9. 2. The Monroe Doctrine – Also in 1823, secretary of state (future president) James Monroe stated in his message to congress 4 things.

10. Monroe Doctrine 1.American continents are not to be considered subjects for future colonization by any European powers 2.European politics were different from that of the US and were a danger to the US’s safety

11. Monroe Doctrine 3. US would not interfere with existing European colonies 4. The US would keep out of internal affairs of Europeans and their wars

12. – This was in response to Spain (among other nations) attempt to regain former territory close to US territories – What does all this mean?

13. One Compromise and one War… 49 th parallel becomes the northern boundary … – The 49 th parallel had already been established as a boundary line from the treaty at the end of the War of 1812 (that’s all that really matters about that war) Remember the Oregon territory impedes north into British territory Expansionists want to keep territory (and even gain more) and there is a potential for war with the British over the territory – 54°40’ or fight – All of Oregon or none!!

15. 54°40 of Fight!!! British didn’t really want to fight over the territory and devised a treaty that extended the border along the 49 th parallel – Would give both the British and the Americans access to the channel (Straits of Juan De Fuca) Newly elected President James Polk who was concerned over issues with Texas decided to have James Buchanan sign the Buchanan-Pakenham Treaty on June 15, 1846 Officialy sets northern border of the US as the 49 th Parallel

16. War With Mexico Through multiple attempts by multiple presidents (Jackson, Van Buren, Harrison, Tyler)Texas is ultimately annexed as a state on December 29, 1845 while James Polk is President This leads to the Mexican American War

18. In early 1845 the Mexican government breaks off relations with the US government over the annexation of Texas The war is fought in three basic areas – Texas, New Mexico, and California War lasts for two years 1846-1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo signed on January 2, 1848 – Gives us the majority of the territory we now know as California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona – Also parts of New Mexico and Colorado Gadsen Purchase in 1853 leads to the remainder of the southern border of the US – You will read a little bit about this later

20. What does it all mean? What all this means is by the mid 1850s the physical boundaries of the contiguous United States have essentially been set Now that we understand the background of how our nation became the shape it is, we have can understand what events occurred around the acquisition of territory that promoted/denounced slavery and how they caused the Civil War…