1. The final chapter

2.  Constituents ◦ Natural groupings of a sentence  Morphemes ◦ Smallest meaningful units of a word  How to test whether a group of words forms a constituent? The student passed the Linguistics class.

3.  Test 1: “stand alone” test  If a group can stand alone, they form a constituent  Set of word that can answer a question:  What did you pass?  “the Linguistics class”  “passed the” The student passed the Linguistics class.

4.  Test 2: “replacement by a pronoun” test ◦ Pronouns can substitute for natural groups.  Pronoun that can answer a question: ◦ When did you pass the Linguistic class?  “I passed it last trimester”  Do can also substitute for the whole predicate passed the Linguistics class.  Som passed the Linguistics class and Boss did too.

5.  Test 3: “move as a unit” test ◦ If a group of words can be moved, they form a constituent.  The student passed the Linguistics class  It was the Linguistics class that the student passed.  The Linguistics class was passed by the student.

6.  Ambiguous sentences:  Which words form a constituent?

7. NP VP S The tipsy man finished the drink. det adj N V det N NP

8.  Quick exercise:  Look at the Phrase structure tree and its elements. Try to answer following questions:  What does a sentence consist of  What does a Noun Phrase consist of?  What does a Verb Phrase consist of?

9. 1. S = NP + VP 2. NP = Det + N 3. VP =V + NP 4. VP = VThe woman laughed. 5. VP = V + PP 6. PP=P + NP

10. The tipsy man finished the drink in one minute det adj N V det N P det N NP PP NP VP S V NP

11. The professor said that the student passed the exam. det N V C det N V det N NP VPNP S CP VP S

12. 1. S = NP + VP 2. NP = Det + N 3. VP =V + NP 4. VP = VThe woman laughed. 5. VP = V + PP 6. PP =P + NP 7. VP =V + CP 8. CP = C + S