1. 23-1 AS Achieving Independence In Africa

2. Vocab/People Kwame Nkrumah- Kwame Nkrumah (21 September 1909 – 27 April 1972), P.C., was the leader of Ghana and its predecessor state, the Gold Coast, from 1951 to 1966. Jomo Kenyatta- was the leader of Kenya from independence in 1963 to his death in 1978, serving first as Prime Minister and President. He is considered the founding father of the Kenyan nation Charles De Gaulle- French general and statesman who led the Free French Forces during World War II. Organization of African Unity- established on 25 May 1963 in Addis Ababa, with 32 signatory governments. It was disbanded on 9 July 2002 by its last chairperson, South African President Thabo Mbeki, and replaced by the African Union (AU).

3. The Colonial Legacy Western imperialism had a complex and contradictory impact on Africa Economics Europeans introduced new crops, technologies, and cash economies in their colonies They built roads, railroads, harbors, and cities. New forms of transportation were meant to make the colonies profitable by linking plantations and mines to ports. Politics During the colonial period, Europeans undermined Africa’s traditional political systems Europeans denied educated Africans top jobs in colonial governments

4. The Colonial Legacy Health Care & Education Western doctors developed vaccines for yellow fever and smallpox, and helped reduce deaths from malaria By the 1950s, in response to nationalist demands, colonial rulers built more hospitals and schools National Borders At independence, African nations inherited borders drawn by colonial powers. Borders often caused problems Colonies included people from diverse ethnic groups and with different, conflicting interests

5. A Growing Spirit of Nationalism In 1945, four European powers – Britain, France, Belgium, and Portugal – controlled almost all of the African continent. Only Egypt, Ethiopia, Liberia, and white-ruled South Africa were independent nations.

6. A Growing Spirit of Nationalism Impact of World War II World War II sharpened the edges of nationalist movements in Africa. The Global Setting After the war, most people in Europe had had their fill of fighting. Britain and France were faced with growing nationalist demands In response, they adopted new policies toward their African colonies Nationalist Leaders Most nationalists leaders were western educated. Many were powerful speakers whose words inspired their supporters. Kwame Nkrumah in Gold Coast, Jomo Kenyatta in Kenya, and Leopold Senghor in Senegal In colonies throughout Africa, leaders organized political parties

7. Kwame NkrumahLeopold Senghor

8. Routes to Freedom Ghana The first African nation south of the Sahara to win freedom was the British colony of Gold Coast During the late 1940s, Kwame Nkrumah was impatient with Britain’s policy of gradual movement toward independence Nkrumah tried to win concessions from Britain through strikes and boycotts In 1957, Gold Coast finally won independence

9. Routes to Freedom Kenya Freedom came only with armed struggle White settlers had carved out farms in the fertile highlands, where they displaced African farmers Even before World War II, Jomo Kenyatta had been a leading spokesman for the Kikuyu More radical leaders turned to guerilla warfare

10. Routes to Freedom Algeria From 1954 to 1962, a longer and even costlier war of liberation raged in Algeria Muslim Algerian nationalists set up the National Liberation front In 1954, the group turned to guerrilla warfare to win freedom In 1962, Algeria celebrated its freedom

11. The New Nations of Africa More than 50 new nations were born in Africa during the great liberation Africa and the Cold War African nations emerged during the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union Cold War rivalries affected local conflicts within Africa The Cold War left a painful legacy

12. The New Nations of Africa African Regional Organizations The new nations of Africa were determined to carve out their own position in the world So they joined regional and global organizations In 1963, they set up the Organization of African Unity (OAU) Promoted cooperation among members and sought peaceful settlements of disputes Organization failed to prevent conflicts between African states and even defended the right of dictators such as Idi Amin of Uganda to rule their peoples as they pleased In 2001 African leaders gathered in Zambia to launch a new African Union

13. The New Nations of Africa The UN After independence, African nations joined the United Nations Africans served in UN peacekeeping around the world Disaster Relief and Military Intervention The UN responded to famine and other crises that struck African nations In the early 1960s, the UN peacekeepers helped stop the fighting in Zaire