1. Ancient History 10

3.  Barter: A means of trade in early human society, before the advent of money. Goods were exchanged on a necessity basis, and the value was based on supply and demand.

4.  Started around 2 million years ago and ended around 8000 B.C.E  Nomadic = moving from place to place hunting and gathering  Hominids = Any member of the family of two-legged primates that includes all humans.

5.  Paleolithic Society: Also known as the Old Stone Age, this is a period in which humans developed complex and integrated social patterns such as marriage, alliances, a social hierarchy, religious rituals, and artistic sophistication.

6.  8000 B.C.E to 6000 B.C.E.  Climate grew warmer = grasslands & forests  Improved weapons & tools  1 st pottery, which was used to store food & water  Besides fishhooks & harpoons, they weaved nets & used canoes for fishing and travel  Domesticated dogs for hunting & protection

7.  6000 B.C.E. to 3500 B.C.E.  Planted seeds & started farming  Farming is known as the Neolithic Revolution  Kept herds of animals (cattle & sheep), which added meat to the diet  Used cattle & oxen to pull plows

8.  Built sturdy houses & villages started to form  Decorative pottery, dishes & ornaments  Weaved cloth from plant fiber & animal hair  Polished stone  Invention of the wheel & axels and later simple carts

9.  Neolithic Revolution: Also known as the New Stone Age, it refers to a period after 9000 B.C.E. Humans began to use more- sophisticated tools and began to abandon their nomadic lifestyle for a sedentary one.

10.  Specialization of labour = Separation and assignment of jobs according to the skills of individuals  Markets and trading  Economy, $, class system  More leisure time  There was a form of government, which regulated customs and rules for protection  Culture developed  Stonehenge was built

11.  4000 B.C.E.  Copper ended the New Stone Age  Bronze was made from copper & tin  Bronze was 1 st found in the Middle East = beginning of a metals industry  Stronger weapons, tools, swords, shields

12.  Bronze improved productivity in farming: Digging sticks, plows, tools of irrigation and sickles  The potter’s wheel invented  Simple sailing and navigation = trade with distant places  Development of specialization = urbanization  Urbanization = Growth of cities due to migration of people to them

13.  Centralized Government  Occupational Specialization  Agricultural Intensification  State Religion  Class Structure  Development of Writing & Science  Merchants & Trade

14. Civilizations relied on rivers for:  Steady source of water  Fertile soil  Fish to supplement their diet  Transportation  Communication throughTrade and Exchange of ideas

15.  Society: A system of human organizations that generates distinctive cultural patterns and usually provides protection, security, and continuity for its members.

16.  Urban Revolution: Characterized by large, densely packed urban centers that have a recognized hierarchy and a diverse economy. This is recognized as the era in which society became civilized and is one of the seven characteristics of a civilization.