1. Take notes.

2. Compound sentence with conjunctive adverb Conjunctive adverb (connectors)= however, hence, therefore, thus, then, moreover, nevertheless, likewise, consequently, accordingly S + V ; (conjunctive adverb), S + V. You will need a semicolon before the connector, and a comma after the connector is often used, but optional.

3. Examples Gary couldn’t go away for his vacation; however, he managed to have a good time at home. The helicopter took off on time; therefore, it easily made the rendezvous. “America’s future will be determined by the home and the school. The child becomes largely what he is taught; hence, we must watch what we teach, and how we live.” – Jane Addams

4. Exercise: Complete each of the following sentences by adding an appropriate conjunctive adverb. 1. I felt jazzed about going to the party; _____________ Carmen was excited. 2. Jeremy knows all about computers; _____________ he helped me find a good one. 3. Karen had a 1,000 word paper to write by Monday; ____________she had to practice with the tennis team. Note: You are writing two closely related statements about the same idea, you do not want to punctuate as two separate sentences.

5. Review: compound sentence with conjunctive adverb Exercise – 1. Write four conjunctive adverbs. 2. Complete the following sentences: A. Writing a rhetorical analysis essay can be challenging; B. Universities now require students to complete an essay; C. ________________________: consequently, teenagers can easily use the technology available today. D. your own

6. Compound sentence with coordinating conjunction S + V, coordinating conjunction + S + V. Use a coordinating: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, or so. (FANBOYS).

7. Examples: The sun shone brightly, so Kate knew she needed more sunscreen. The dress was perfect, and it was the right color and it was the right price. The mouse ran across the floor, but I wasn’t scared. “Thunder is good, thunder is impressive, but it is lightning that does the work.”– Mark Twain

8. Exercise: combine the short sentences into one sentence. If necessary add, omit, or change words to improve the sentence. 1. Her cell phone was new. She had trouble with its feature. She figured them out. 2. The seahorse seems confused. He is swimming erratically. He should have more space. 3. Fettuccini is a delicious pasta. It is a favorite dish in many European countries. It is often associated with Italy. A person who likes fettuccini is not always Italian.

9. Review: Compound sentences with coordinating conjunction S + V, coordinating conjunction + S + V. Write two sentences using the formula.

10. Compound sentence with explanatory statement General statement (idea) : specific statement (example). (independent clause) (independent clause) The colon implies that the content is very different. The colon signals the reader that something important or explanatory will follow. The first statement will contain a word or an idea that needs explaining; the second statement will give some specific information or example about the idea.

11. Examples: The bouquet was special: it contained the roses she loved best. The empty coffin in the center of the crypt had a single horrifying meaning: Dracula had left his tomb to stalk the village streets in search of fresh blood. “To be successful, your paper must have a public purpose: it should be written to enlighten others beside yourself” – Perrine’s Literature “Old cars and young children have several things in common: both are a responsibility and have to be fed often or they break down.” -- Claudia Glenn Downing, Lear’s, November 1992

12. Exercise: Complete each of the following with an independent clause. If the first clause is missing, provide a general statement. If the second clause is missing, add an explanation. 1. _________________________: the students all got A’s on their papers. 2. The dot-com companies have changed the work week: ____________________. 3. I finally developed my own Web Page: __________________________________. 4. The firefighter took a terrible risk: _____________________________________. 5. _______________________________: we got to experience Time Square, see a Broadway show, and go to the top of the Empire State Building.

13. Review Compound sentences with explanatory statement Note: There must be a specific word or words from the first clause implied then followed by an explanation or clarification. Exercise – Write three sentences using the formula.

14. A series without a conjunction A series in any place in the sentence A, B, C Separate the items in the series by commas. No conjunctions is necessary, omitting this conjunction is effective because it gives your sentence a quick, staccato sound. Tone, sound and fluency are important here, plus each item receives equal emphasis.

15. Examples 1. The United States has a government of the people, by the people, for the people. The pitcher effectively threw his fast ball, his slider, his curve ball. The speaker’s style included pertinent facts, examples, humor. In spite of distance, time, careers, they remained close friends. ( inverted sentence) “I have come to you without sin, without guile, without evil, without a witness against me,” – The Book of the Dead “Among the innovations Miyamoto is credited with are games that tell stories (Donkey Kong is said to be his first), games that scroll from side to side (Super Mario Brothers), and games that take place in large worlds meant to be explored (The Legend of Zelda).” – San Francisco Chronicle, June 10, 2011

16. Exercise The following sentence has a lengthy series joined by repeated possessive pronouns. Is the sentence effective or weak? What feature contributes strength or detracts from the rhetorical effectiveness? “Walled off from the roaring traffic of the Embankment and Fleet Street and High Holborn, each Inn is a self-centered community with its own gardens, lush with cherry and magnolia, camelia, and crocus; its own library; its own dining hall; its labyrinths of walks and lawns; its blocks of offices and flats let out mostly to barristers.” – Robert Wenick, Smithsonian, May 1992

17. Exercise

18. Make all items in a series parallel in form. These sentences are not parallel so they are awkward: 1. The typical teenage user of snuff is white, active, athletic, and subjected to very heavy peer pressure. 2. Swimming, surfing, to go boating – these were Sally’s favorite sports at the summer camp. (inverted) Why are these revisions better: 1. The typical teenage user of snuff is white, active, athletic, and peer pressure is very heavy. 2. Swimming, surfing, boating – these were Sally’s favorite sports at the summer camp.

19. Exercise on paralellism Write two sentences that follow correct parallel form, number one should be about essays with textual evidence. The second one should be about relating to conflicting issues in the news. Write one as an inverted sentence.