1. Fig. 8-0

2. Fig. 8-0a

3. Fig. 8-0b

4. Fig. 8-0c

5. Fig. 8-1a

6. Fig. 8-1b

7. Fig. 8-3a-1 Prokaryotic chromosome Duplication of chromosome and separation of copies Cell wall Plasma membrane 1

8. Fig. 8-3a-2 Prokaryotic chromosome Duplication of chromosome and separation of copies Cell wall Plasma membrane 1 Continued elongation of the cell and movement of copies 2

9. Fig. 8-3a-3 Prokaryotic chromosome Duplication of chromosome and separation of copies Cell wall Plasma membrane 1 Continued elongation of the cell and movement of copies 2 Division into two daughter cells 3

10. Fig. 8-3b Prokaryotic chromosomes

11. Fig. 8-4a

12. Fig. 8-4bc Sister chromatids Centromere Chromosome duplication Sister chromatids Chromosome distribution to daughter cells

13. Fig. 8-5 S (DNA synthesis) G1G1 G2G2 Cytokinesis Mitosis I NTERPHASE M ITOTIC PHASE (M)

14. Fig. 8-6a Centrosomes (with centriole pairs) Kinetochore Early mitotic spindle Chromatin INTERPHASE PROMETAPHASEPROPHASE Centrosome Fragments of nuclear envelope Plasma membrane Chromosome, consisting of two sister chromatids Nuclear envelope Spindle microtubules Nucleolus Centromere

15. Fig. 8-6aa Centrosomes (with centriole pairs) Kinetochore Early mitotic spindle Chromatin INTERPHASE PROMETAPHASEPROPHASE Centrosome Fragments of nuclear envelope Plasma membrane Chromosome, consisting of two sister chromatids Nuclear envelope Spindle microtubules Nucleolus Centromere

16. Fig. 8-6ab INTERPHASE

17. Fig. 8-6ac PROPHASE

18. Fig. 8-6ad PROMETAPHASE

19. Fig. 8-6b Metaphase plate Nucleolus forming METAPHASETELOPHASE AND CYTOKINESISANAPHASE Cleavage furrow Daughter chromosomes Nuclear envelope forming Spindle

20. Fig. 8-6ba Metaphase plate Nucleolus forming METAPHASETELOPHASE AND CYTOKINESISANAPHASE Cleavage furrow Daughter chromosomes Nuclear envelope forming Spindle

21. Fig. 8-6bb METAPHASE

22. Fig. 8-6bc ANAPHASE

23. Fig. 8-6bd TELOPHASE AND CYTOKINESIS

24. Fig. 8-7a Cleavage furrow Contracting ring of microfilaments Daughter cells Cleavage furrow

25. Fig. 8-7aa Cleavage furrow

26. Fig. 8-7ab Contracting ring of microfilaments Daughter cells Cleavage furrow

27. Fig. 8-7b Cell plate Daughter cells Cell wall Vesicles containing cell wall material Daughter nucleus Cell plate forming Wall of parent cell New cell wall

28. Fig. 8-7ba Daughter nucleus Cell plate forming Wall of parent cell

29. Fig. 8-7bb Cell plate Daughter cells Cell wall Vesicles containing cell wall material New cell wall

30. Fig. 8-8a Culture of cells Addition of growth factor

31. Fig. 8-8b Cells anchor to dish surface and divide. When cells have formed a complete single layer, they stop dividing (density- dependent inhibition). If some cells are scraped away, the remaining cells divide to fill the dish with a single layer and then stop (density-dependent inhibition).

32. Fig. 8-9a G 1 checkpoint Control system M S G2G2 G1G1 M checkpoint G 2 checkpoint G0G0

33. Fig. 8-9b G 1 checkpoint Control system M S G2G2 G1G1 Receptor protein Signal transduction pathway Relay proteins Plasma membrane Growth factor

34. Fig. 8-10 A tumor grows from a single cancer cell. Cancer cells spread through lymph and blood vessels to other parts of the body. Cancer cells invade neighboring tissue. Tumor Glandular tissue Lymph vessels Blood vessel

35. Fig. 8-11a

36. Fig. 8-11b

37. Fig. 8-11c

38. Fig. 8-12 Sister chromatids One duplicated chromosome Centromere Homologous pair of chromosomes

39. Fig. 8-13 Haploid gametes (n = 23) n Egg cell Sperm cell Fertilization Meiosis Multicellular diploid adults (2n = 46) Mitosis and development n 2n2n2n2n Diploid zygote (2n = 46)

40. Fig. 8-14a Centrosomes (with centriole pairs) PROPHASE I Microtubules attached to kinetochore INTERPHASE Sites of crossing over Metaphase plate Spindle MEIOSIS I : Homologous chromosomes separate METAPHASE I Sister chromatids remain attached ANAPHASE I Nuclear envelope Sister chromatids Centromere (with kinetochore) Homologous chromosomes separate Chromatin Tetrad

41. Fig. 8-14b PROPHASE I MEIOSIS II : Sister chromatids separate METAPHASE II ANAPHASE II Cleavage furrow TELOPHASE II AND CYTOKINESIS Sister chromatids separate Haploid daughter cells forming TELOPHASE II AND CYTOKINESIS

42. Fig. 8-15 Prophase Metaphase I Metaphase 2n = 4 Tetrads align at the metaphase plate Duplicated chromosome (two sister chromatids) Parent cell (before chromosome duplication) Chromosome duplication Chromosomes align at the metaphase plate Anaphase Telophase Sister chromatids separate during anaphase Daughter cells of mitosis 2n2n 2n2n n Chromosome duplication Site of crossing over Tetrad formed by synapsis of homologous chromosomes M EIOSIS Prophase I Anaphase I Telophase I M ITOSIS M EIOSIS I Haploid n = 2 Daughter cells of meiosis I M EIOSIS II n nn Daughter cells of meiosis II Homologous chromosomes separate (anaphase I ); sister chroma- tids remain together No further chromosomal duplication; sister chromatids separate (anaphase II )

43. Fig. 8-16-1 Two equally probable arrangements of chromosomes at metaphase I Possibility 1 Possibility 2

44. Fig. 8-16-2 Two equally probable arrangements of chromosomes at metaphase I Possibility 1 Possibility 2 Metaphase II

45. Fig. 8-16-3 Two equally probable arrangements of chromosomes at metaphase I Possibility 1 Possibility 2 Metaphase II Combination 1 Gametes Combination 2 Combination 3 Combination 4

46. Fig. 8-17a Tetrad in parent cell (homologous pair of duplicated chromosomes) Coat-color genes Chromosomes of the four gametes Meiosis Pink White Black Brown Eye-color genes C e E c C e E c C e E c

47. Fig. 8-17b Brown coat (C); black eyes (E) White coat (c); pink eyes (e)

48. Fig. 8-17ba Brown coat (C); black eyes (E)

49. Fig. 8-17bb White coat (c); pink eyes (e)

50. Fig. 8-17c Homologous pair of chromosomes Sister chromatids

51. Fig. 8-18a Centromere Chiasma Tetrad

52. Fig. 8-18b Breakage of homologous chromatids Coat-color genes Eye-color genes C (homologous pair of chromosomes in synapsis) E c e 1 Tetrad C E c e Joining of homologous chromatids 2 Separation of homologous chromosomes at anaphase I 3 C E c e Chiasma Separation of chromatids at anaphase II and completion of meiosis 4 C E c e c E C e c e c E CE C e Parental type of chromosome Gametes of four genetic types Recombinant chromosome Parental type of chromosome Recombinant chromosome

53. Fig. 8-18ba Breakage of homologous chromatids Coat-color genes Eye-color genes C (homologous pair of chromosomes in synapsis) E ce Tetrad C E c e Joining of homologous chromatids 2 C E c e Chiasma 1

54. Fig. 8-18bb Separation of homologous chromosomes at anaphase I C E c e Chiasma Separation of chromatids at anaphase II and completion of meiosis CE c e cE C e ce c E C E C e Parental type of chromosome Gametes of four genetic types Recombinant chromosome Parental type of chromosome Recombinant chromosome 4 3

55. Fig. 8-19-1 Packed red and white blood cells Centrifuge Blood culture Fluid 1

56. Fig. 8-19-2 Packed red and white blood cells Centrifuge Blood culture Fluid 1 Hypotonic solution 2

57. Fig. 8-19-3 Packed red and white blood cells Centrifuge Blood culture Fluid 1 Hypotonic solution 2 3 Fixative White blood cells Stain

58. Fig. 8-19-4 4

59. Fig. 8-19-5 Centromere Sister chromatids Pair of homologous chromosomes 5

60. Fig. 8-20a

61. Fig. 8-20b

62. Fig. 8-20c Infants with Down syndrome (per 1,000 births) Age of mother 90 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 80 20 40 35 30 2550 45

63. Fig. 8-21a-1 Nondisjunction in meiosis I

64. Fig. 8-21a-2 Nondisjunction in meiosis I Normal meiosis II

65. Fig. 8-21a-3 Nondisjunction in meiosis I Normal meiosis II n + 1 Gametes Number of chromosomes n + 1n – 1

66. Fig. 8-21b-1 Normal meiosis I

67. Fig. 8-21b-2 Nondisjunction in meiosis II Normal meiosis I

68. Fig. 8-21b-3 Nondisjunction in meiosis II Normal meiosis I Gametes Number of chromosomes n + 1n – 1n n

69. Fig. 8-22

70. Fig. 8-24a Deletion Inversion Duplication Homologous chromosomes

71. Fig. 8-24b Reciprocal translocation Nonhomologous chromosomes

72. Fig. 8-24c Chromosome 9 “Philadelphia chromosome” Activated cancer-causing gene Reciprocal translocation Chromosome 22

73. Fig. 8-UN1 Mitosis (division of nucleus) Genetically Identical “daughter cells” S (DNA synthesis) G1G1 G2G2 Cytokinesis (division of cytoplasm) I NTERPHASE (cell growth and chromosome duplication) M ITOTIC PHASE (M)

74. Fig. 8-UN2 Haploid gametes (n = 23) n Egg cell Sperm cell Fertilization Meiosis Multicellular diploid adults (2n = 46) Mitosis and development n 2n2n2n2n Diploid zygote (2n = 46)

75. Fig. 8-UN3

76. Fig. 8-UN4