1. The UNFCCC process The role of Africa negotiators towards achieving an effective global agreement on climate change

2. Background dynamic to negotiations The focus of the Western countries has been on mitigation Initiation of Climate Change husbanded by United Nations General Assembly African push for inclusion of Adaptation, capacity building, transfer of technology, technical assistance Rio Declaration on Environment and Development The UNFCCC and Kyoto Protocol

3. Key Issues Mitigation Adaptation Stabilization of green house gas concentration in the atmosphere Financial resources and technical assistance Linkages to desertification, land degradation and biodiversity Renewal of commitment of Annex 1 Parties after 2012

4. Key Players The Umbrella Group JUSCANS European Union African Group Least Developed Countries Small Island Developing Countries Asian Group Latin American Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

5. Dynamics of Negotiations so far The failure of Copenhagen The Copenhagen Accord Two Track Approach: Long Term Cooperative Action and Kyoto Protocol for the emission reductions of Annex 1 Parties (developed countries) for their second commitment period, following the expiry of the first commitment period in 2012 New Text in Tianjin but still limited progress