1. CARDIAC AND SMOOTH MUSCLE AND MUSCULAR ENERGY

2. Smooth Muscle  Also known as visceral muscle  Involuntary muscles that do not contract as rapidly as skeletal muscles  Found in the organs or your body except the heart  Contract and expand to move materials through the body

3. Smooth Muscle Continued…  Since they are slower and have a lower metabolic rate, smooth muscles only receive small amounts of blood  If injured, they rarely repair themselves and often form scars

4. Smooth Muscle Example:  Blood vessel size  Vasodilate; blood vessels get larger in diameter, causing blood pressure to decrease  Vasoconstrict: blood vessels get smaller in diameter, causing blood pressure to increase

5. Sphincters  Donut-shaped muscles found throughout your digestives system  Act as doorways to let materials in and out by contracting and relaxing  Ex: Lets food into the stomach from the esophagus

6. Cardiac Muscle  Involuntary muscles that form the walls of the heart  Contractions squeeze blood out of the chambers of the heart and cause it to circulate around the body  Receive a generous blood supply to remain healthy  Does not regenerate after severe damage, which often leads to tissue death such as in a severe heart attack  A person with scarred cardiac muscle may have severely diminished cardiac output which may lead to disability or death

7. Intercalated Disks  Connect the cardiac muscle fibers together  Because the muscles of the heart are connected, when one fiber contracts, the adjacent one must contract  Similar to the domino effect  Allows for a complete emptying of the heart

8. Muscular Fuel  Glycogen is stored in the muscles and is also in reserve waiting to be converted into glucose when needed  Fats may also be stored in muscles when the muscle is used often Ex: legs

9. Release of Energy  The release of energy caused by converting glycogen to glucose also releases heat  Hence, strenuous or prolonged exercise can overheat our bodies

10. 1 st Glucose, a simple sugar, is used as the main source of energy. 2 nd Reserve Tank: Glycogen 3 rd Reserve Tank: Fat or Adipose Tissue. Where do muscle cells get energy to work?

11. What is ATP? Adenine Ribose3 Phosphate groups Adenosine Tri-phosphate – ATP Molecule that stores a small amt. of energy.

12. ADP + P + Energy ---> ATP ADP PPP + ATP PPP How do you make ATP Partially charged battery Fully charged battery The energy to make ATP comes from the catabolism of glucose.

13. Creatine Phosphate naturally occurring molecule found in cells. Phosphate donor. Extra phosphates are attached to creatine to form creatine phosphate. Good or Bad? Where do the phosphate groups come from?

14. Methods for making ATP 1.Aerobic Respiration Oxygen is Needed! (1 glucose molecule = 36 ATP) 2. Anaerobic Respiration (w/o oxygen) 1 glucose molecule will make 2 ATP’s & lactic acid.

15. Muscle cells have a molecule called myoglobin that stores oxygen in its cells. This molecule gives muscle cells their red color. Why are our muscles red?

16. Slow Twitch Muscle Fibers Endurance muscles Small in diameter Lots of myoglobin = red Aerobic respiration Fast Twitch Muscle Fibers Fatigue rapidly Large in diameter Little to no myoglobin – not red Anaerobic respiration Are all muscles red?

17. Why do our muscle fatigue?  Lack of calcium, oxygen, creatine, and available food sources.