1. Cellular Respiration (CRs)

2. Why is CRs Important?

3. Cellular Respiration All living organisms undergo CRs CRs is the process cells use to release ENERGY needed for all kinds of work There are TWO types of CRs AEROBIC CRs and ANAEROBIC CRs Each of these types produces different end PRODUCTS IS ESSENTIAL TO EVERYDAY LIFE – ALL ACTIVITIES THAT YOUR BODY PERFORMS REQUIRES some form of Cellular Respiration

4. What Do Cells need ENERGY for? Cells require ENERGY in the form of ATP Cells require ENERGY in the form of ATP Energy demands of cells are very diverse Energy demands of cells are very diverse Chromosome movement (cell division) Chromosome movement (cell division) Active Transport of Materials Active Transport of Materials Large scale movement – muscle contraction Large scale movement – muscle contraction A SINGLE human cell contains approx ONE BILLION ATP MOLECULES!!!!

5. Cells, ATP and GLUCOSE GLUCOSE is a high energy molecule that is small enough to diffuse into our blood (“blood sugar”) GLUCOSE is a high energy molecule that is small enough to diffuse into our blood (“blood sugar”) BENEFICIAL/USEFUL form of energy storage in cells BENEFICIAL/USEFUL form of energy storage in cells Breaking bonds consumes energy and RELEASES energy Breaking bonds consumes energy and RELEASES energy CRs = overall (NET) energy RELEASE CRs = overall (NET) energy RELEASE

6. Efficiency of CRs Overall efficiency of energy transfer is quite LOW (~36%) Overall efficiency of energy transfer is quite LOW (~36%) BUT the loss of energy in the transfer as THERMAL energy is used by some organisms to maintain body temperature!! BUT the loss of energy in the transfer as THERMAL energy is used by some organisms to maintain body temperature!! Meaning that about 36% of the energy in a SINGLE glucose molecule is converted into ATP – energy available for the cell Meaning that about 36% of the energy in a SINGLE glucose molecule is converted into ATP – energy available for the cell

7. ATP and GLUCOSE = CELLULAR CURRENCY ANALOGY 1 dollar = loonie 100 dollars = 100 dollar BILL *** Compare how MANY of each *** $100 = 100 loonies/1 bill Which would be more useful in a vending machine???? ATP is like the loonies GLUCOSE is like the 100 dollar bill Cell is like the vending machine RELATION TO EFFICIENCY: like exchanging your 100 dollar bill and getting 36 loonies!!!!

8. Cellular Respiration Takes place in the cytoplasm and mitochondria Takes place in the cytoplasm and mitochondria

9. Plant/Animal Cell Review!!!!

10. Membrane Structure Phospholipid Bilayer

11. Mitochondria

12. Room Set Up Walls of the classroom = cell membrane Green Tape = mitochondrial membranes Black/Yellow tape at front of room = channel proteins Back of room (by back door) = cytoplasm Rest of room (inside green tape) = mitochondria

13. What activity are these people doing?

14. Types of Cellular Respiration Aerobic CRs – takes place in the presence of OXYGEN Aerobic CRs – takes place in the presence of OXYGEN PRODUCTS = CO 2, H 2 O, 36 ATP PRODUCTS = CO 2, H 2 O, 36 ATP 4 Stages: 4 Stages: Stage 1: Gylcolysis Stage 1: Gylcolysis Stage 2: Pyruvate Oxidation Stage 2: Pyruvate Oxidation Stage 3: Krebs Cycle Stage 3: Krebs Cycle Stage 4: ETC and Chemiosmosis Stage 4: ETC and Chemiosmosis

15. Types of Cellular Respiration Anaerobic CRs – takes place in the absence of OXYGEN Anaerobic CRs – takes place in the absence of OXYGEN Two Types Two Types PRODUCTS = ethanol (C 2 H 5 OH), CO 2, 2 ATP PRODUCTS = ethanol (C 2 H 5 OH), CO 2, 2 ATP PRODUCTS = lactic acid (C 3 H 6 O 3 ), 2 ATP PRODUCTS = lactic acid (C 3 H 6 O 3 ), 2 ATP 2 Stages: 2 Stages: Stage 1: glycolysis Stage 1: glycolysis Stage 2: fermentation Stage 2: fermentation http:// www.science.nelson.com/ABbio20-30/teacher/protect/otr/Bio2030OTR/attachments/i_AnimationSimulation/energy_releasing.html

16. Background Info ATP = ADP + phosphate ATP = ADP + phosphate Reduction and Oxidation (REDOX) reactions involve the transfer of electrons Reduction and Oxidation (REDOX) reactions involve the transfer of electrons “LEO GER” Lose Electron Oxidation Lose Electron Oxidation Gain Electron Reduction Gain Electron Reduction *** NADH = NAD + + electrons *** FADH 2 = FAD + electrons BOTH MOLECULES ARE ELECTRON CARRIERS IN THEIR REDUCED FORM

17. Glycolysis The first stage in any CRs reaction The first stage in any CRs reaction Means “sugar splitting” Means “sugar splitting” Takes the 6 carbon glucose molecule and “splits” it into two 3 carbon pyruvate molecules Takes the 6 carbon glucose molecule and “splits” it into two 3 carbon pyruvate molecules Takes place in the CYTOPLASM Takes place in the CYTOPLASM http://www.nelson.com/ABbio20- 30/teacher/protect/otr/Bio2030OTR/attachme nts/i_AnimationSimulation/glycolysis.html

18. Glycolysis Begins with a single glucose molecule Begins with a single glucose molecule This chain then SPLITS into PGAL (phosphogluteraldehyde) This chain then SPLITS into PGAL (phosphogluteraldehyde) 2 NAD+ are reduced from the PGAL by taking e- and H+ from each to form 2 NADH and releasing 2 additional H+ into the cytoplasm 2 NAD+ are reduced from the PGAL by taking e- and H+ from each to form 2 NADH and releasing 2 additional H+ into the cytoplasm Total of 2 ATP are produced by removing phosphates from the carbon molecule Total of 2 ATP are produced by removing phosphates from the carbon molecule

19. The two 3 carbon chains have formed PYRUVATE molecules – the LAST step in glycolysis The two 3 carbon chains have formed PYRUVATE molecules – the LAST step in glycolysis PYRUVATE = C 3 H 4 O 3 PYRUVATE = C 3 H 4 O 3

21. In aerobic respiration the 2 NADH produced from glycolysis are converted into FADH 2 In aerobic respiration the 2 NADH produced from glycolysis are converted into FADH 2 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nKgUBsC4 Oyo http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AFLu6lhF1 YI&feature=related

22. Try it out!! I need 14 volunteers 6 carbons “atoms” 6 carbons “atoms” 2 ATP “molecules” 2 ATP “molecules” 2 ADP “molecules” 2 ADP “molecules” 2 NAD+ “molecules” 2 NAD+ “molecules” 2 FAD “molecules” 2 FAD “molecules”

23. Aerobic Respiration Involves the use of OXYGEN Involves the use of OXYGEN The following steps are involved in aerobic respiration The following steps are involved in aerobic respiration Pyruvate oxidation Pyruvate oxidation Krebs Cycle Krebs Cycle ETC and Chemiosmosis ETC and Chemiosmosis

24. Pyruvate Oxidation Preparation for Krebs Cycle Three changes to pyruvate occur 1. A CO 2 portion is removed 2. NAD + is reduced to NADH 3. Coenzyme A attaches to the 2- carbon molecule forming acetyl- CoA http://www.nelson.com/ABbio20- 30/teacher/protect/otr/Bio2030OTR/attachme nts/i_AnimationSimulation/prep_and_krebs.ht ml

25. Coenzyme A acts like an “escort”, leading the acetyl group to the Krebs cycle Coenzyme A acts like an “escort”, leading the acetyl group to the Krebs cycle Once the acetyl group has entered the Krebs cycle – it is released and is free to “pick up” another acetyl group Once the acetyl group has entered the Krebs cycle – it is released and is free to “pick up” another acetyl group

26. The Krebs Cycle Starts when acetyl-CoA binds with the 4 carbon starting molecule (oxaloacetate) Starts when acetyl-CoA binds with the 4 carbon starting molecule (oxaloacetate) 2 CO 2 are removed 2 CO 2 are removed (6C → 5C → 4C) (6C → 5C → 4C)

27. The Krebs Cycle 3 NAD+ molecules are reduced to 3 NADH 3 NAD+ molecules are reduced to 3 NADH 1 FAD+ is reduced to 1 FADH 2 1 FAD+ is reduced to 1 FADH 2 1 ADP is phosphorylated to 1 ADP is phosphorylated to 1 ATP http://www.nelson.com/ABbio20- 30/teacher/protect/otr/Bio2030OTR/attachments/i_AnimationSimulation/ prep_and_krebs.html

28. The Krebs Cycle TOTAL OUTPUT OF KREBS CYCLE FROM ONE GLUCOSE TOTAL OUTPUT OF KREBS CYCLE FROM ONE GLUCOSE ** Remember the cycle occurs TWICE for one glucose ** (2 cycles) 6 NADH 6 NADH 2 FADH 2 2 FADH 2 4 CO 2 4 CO 2 2 ATP 2 ATP

29. LETS PLAY!!!

30. Electron Transport Chain and Chemiosmosis

31. High energy electron carriers NADH and FADH 2 donate their electrons to the ETC As electrons move through the ETC they release energy causing H+ to move out of the matrix Oxygen is the final electron acceptor in the chain – without oxygen the entire ETC reaction cannot occur!! This energy causes H+ ions to move from the intermembrane space into the mitochondrial matrix through ATP synthase complex to attempt to restore the H+ balance This process releases energy which is used to phosphorylate ADP into ATP!!! This process releases energy which is used to phosphorylate ADP into ATP!!! CHEMIOSMOSIS CHEMIOSMOSIS

32. Electron Transport Chain and Chemiosmosis REMEMBER REMEMBER Every NADH donating electrons creates enough energy release to form 3 ATP Every FADH 2 donating electrons creates enough energy release to form 2 ATP

33. Electron Transport Chain and Chemiosmosis

34. Total ATP created from ONE GLUCOSE in aerobic respiration http://www.nelson.com/ABbio20- 30/teacher/protect/otr/Bio2030OTR/attachments/i_AnimationSi mulation/energy_harvest.html