1. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. A Living Language Medical Terminology

2. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Terminology at a Glance Studying medical terminology is like learning a new language Basic rules for building terms will help you both build and translate many different words You must be able to put words together or build words from their parts Like piecing together a puzzle

3. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Understanding Medical Terms It is impossible to memorize all of the thousands of medical terms You can distinguish the meaning of many different words by analyzing the word parts Word roots Combining forms Prefixes Suffixes

4. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Figure 1.1 – Nurse completing a patient report. Healthcare workers use medical terminology in order to accurately and efficiently communicate patient information to each other.

5. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Basic Word Parts Word root is the fundamental meaning of the term Prefixes and suffixes modify the word root Combining vowels connect other word parts Always exceptions to rules

6. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Click here to view a movie introducing the parts of a medical term.here Medical Term Elements Video Back to Directory

7. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Terms Are Built from Word Parts Word Part Word root Prefix Suffix Combining form Example (Meaning) cardiogram (record of the heart) pericardium (around the heart) carditis (inflammation of heart) cardiomyopathy (heart muscle disease)

8. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Word Root Foundation of the term General meaning of word Often gives body system or part cardi = heart Or may be an action cis = to cut

9. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Word Root Medical terms may have more than one root gastroenteritis Many medical terms built without a word root hyper– = prefix meaning excessive –trophy = suffix meaning development hypertrophy = excessive development

10. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Combining Vowels Make it possible to pronounce long terms Usually an “o” Combine two word parts: Between two word roots Between word root and suffix

11. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Combining Vowel Rules Between word root and suffix If the suffix begins with a vowel Do not use a combining vowel Arthritis, not arthroitis If the suffix begins with a consonant Use a combining vowel Arthroscope, not arthrscope

12. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Combining vowel is typically kept between two word roots Even if the second word root begins with a vowel gastroenteritis, not gastrenteritis Combining Vowel Rules

13. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Combining Form Typically used to write word roots Also use the word root/combining vowel format Examples: cardi/o arthr/o gastr/o

14. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Common Combining Forms aden/o – gland carcin/o – cancer cardi/o – heart chem/o – chemical cis/o – to cut dermat/o – skin enter/o – small intestine gastr/o – stomach gynec/o – female hemat/o – blood hydr/o – water

15. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Common Combining Forms immun/o – immune laryng/o – voice box morph/o – shape nephr/o – kidney neur/o – nerve ophthalm/o – eye ot/o – ear path/o – disease pulmon/o – lung rhin/o – nose ur/o – urine, urinary system

16. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Prefix Added to the front of a term May add meaning such as: location of organsub– = below number of partsmono– = one time (frequency)post– = after

17. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Prefix Not all medical terms have a prefix When written by itself, followed by a hyphen intra– hyper– multi–

18. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Common Prefixes a–without, away from an–without ante–before, in front of anti–against auto–self brady–slow dys–painful, difficult

19. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Common Prefixes endo–within, inner epi–upon, over eu–normal, good hetero–different homo–same hyper–over, above hypo–under, below

20. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Common Prefixes infra–under, beneath, below inter–among, between intra–within, inside macro–large micro–small neo–new pan–all

21. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Common Prefixes para–beside, beyond, near per–through peri–around post–after pre–before, in front of pseudo–false retro–backward, behind

22. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Common Prefixes sub–below, under super–above, excess supra–above tachy–fast trans–through, across ultra–beyond, excess

23. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Number Prefixes bi – two hemi – half mono – one multi – many nulli – none poly – many quad – four semi – partial, half tri – three uni – one

24. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Suffix Attached to the end of a term Adds meaning such as: condition –algia = pain disease –itis = inflammation procedure –ectomy = surgical removal

25. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Suffix All medical terms must have a suffix Only mandatory word part When written by itself, precede with a hyphen –logy –sclerosis –cyte

26. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Common Suffixes –algiapain –celehernia, protrusion –cisecut –cytecell –dyniapain –ectasisdilatation –genthat which produces –genesisproduces, generates

27. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Common Suffixes –genicproducing –iastate, condition –iasisabnormal condition –ismstate of –itisinflammation –logistone who studies –logystudy of –lysisdestruction

28. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Common Suffixes –malaciaabnormal softening –megalyenlargement, large –omatumor, mass –osisabnormal condition –pathydisease –plasiadevelopment, growth –plasmformation, development –ptosisdrooping

29. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Common Suffixes –rrhageexcessive, abnormal flow –rrheadischarge, flow –rrhexisrupture –sclerosishardening –stenosisnarrowing –therapytreatment –trophynourishment, development

30. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Adjective Suffixes Suffix may be used to convert a word root into a complete word Translation of these suffixes is pertaining to New word can then be used to modify another word

31. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Adjective Suffix Example To state that a patient has an ulcer in his stomach: gastr/o = stomach -ic = pertaining to gastric = pertaining to the stomach gastric ulcer = ulcer found in the stomach

32. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Adjective Suffixes –ac –al –an –ar –ary –ior –ory –ose –ous –tic –eal –iac –ic –ical –ile

33. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Surgical Suffixes –centesispuncture to withdraw fluid –ectomysurgical removal –ostomysurgically create an opening –otomycutting into –pexysurgical fixation –plastysurgical repair –rrhaphysuture

34. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Procedural Suffixes –gramrecord or picture –graphinstrument for recording –graphyprocess of recording –meterinstrument for measuring –metryprocess of measuring –scopeinstrument for viewing –scopyprocess of visually examining

35. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Word Building Putting together several parts to form a variety of terms to convey the necessary information Begins with knowing the meaning of the various word parts in order to select the correct ones Always remember the rules regarding the location of each word part

36. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Interpreting Medical Terms Term to be translated gastroenterology Divide the term into its word parts gastr / o / enter / o / logy

37. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Interpreting Medical Terms Define each word part gastr = stomach o = combining vowel, no meaning enter = small intestine o = combining vowel, no meaning –logy = study of Combine the meanings of the word parts study of the stomach and small intestine

38. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Pronunciation Will differ according to place of birth and education When in doubt, ask for spelling New terms in the book are introduced in boldface type, with phonetic spelling in parentheses Stressed syllable will be in capital letters: pericarditis (per ih car DYE tis)

39. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Spelling Only one correct way to spell a term Changing one letter can change the meaning of a word abduction (moving away) vs. adduction (moving towards) ileum (small intestine) vs. ilium (hip bone)

40. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Same Sounds Spelled Differently psypsychiatry cycytology dysdyspepsia disdislocation

41. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Singular and Plural Endings Many medical terms come from Greek or Latin words Rules for forming plurals for these languages are different from English Plural of atrium is atria, not atriums Other words will use English rules Plural of ventricle is ventricles

42. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. General Rules for Plurals Word Ends In –a –ax –ex or –ix –is –ma –nx –on –us –um –y Plural vertebrae thoraces appendices metastases sarcomata phalanges ganglia nuclei ova biopsies Singular vertebra thorax appendix metastasis sarcoma phalanx ganglion nucleus ovum biopsy

43. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Figure 1.2 – Health information management workers maintain accurate, orderly, and permanent patient records.

44. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Confidentiality Any information or record relating to a patient is privileged Moral and legal responsibility to keep all information private Proper authorization must be signed by patient before any information can be released Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA) sets federal standards to protect records

45. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Click here to view a video describing HIPAA.here HIPAA Video Back to Directory