1. 1 st March 2007 A.Poncet CERN ECL2 workshop CERN AA and EPA clearing systems 1 Experience with ion and dust clearing in CERN AA and EPA -CERN antiproton accumulator (AA) trapped ions (and dust) effects -CERN Electron and Positron Accumulator (EPA) trapped ion effects - AA and EPA clearing systems : # Clearing electrodes original design and evolutions # Beam shaking - brief (!) summary of what we learned

2. 1 st March 2007 A.Poncet CERN ECL2 workshop CERN AA and EPA clearing systems 2 Severe ion/pbar instability problems in AA dipolar and quadrupolar (coherent effect)

3. 1 st March 2007 A.Poncet CERN ECL2 workshop CERN AA and EPA clearing systems 3 AA neutralisation incoherent tune shift Clearing OFF: Neutralisation 60-70% Clearing ON: Neutralisation <1%

4. 1 st March 2007 A.Poncet CERN ECL2 workshop CERN AA and EPA clearing systems 4 AA “bloody” phantoms ! time Horizontal and Vertical emittances Versus time

5. 1 st March 2007 A.Poncet CERN ECL2 workshop CERN AA and EPA clearing systems 5 Excitation of HIGH order resonances by ion pockets (AA) incoherent effect

6. 1 st March 2007 A.Poncet CERN ECL2 workshop CERN AA and EPA clearing systems 6 CERN AA:effect of charged microparticles trapped into the beam..and… Beam loss !

7. 1 st March 2007 A.Poncet CERN ECL2 workshop CERN AA and EPA clearing systems 7 Poor lifetime & low beam current with clearing electrodes off. (high neutralisation) Cern electron/position accumulator (120 m, 600 MeV, 8 bunches) 8

8. 1 st March 2007 A.Poncet CERN ECL2 workshop CERN AA and EPA clearing systems 8 AA clearing system (after improvements) Features: -“quick” change from positive to negative adjustable DC voltage -individual measurement of clearing current (in picoamps) -polarised BP PU’s in quads -continuous upgrade with resistively plated ceramics in LS and dipoles Initially : 20 electrodes (metallic plates) At the end : > 50 electrodes, ~50% resistively coated ceramic plates

9. 1 st March 2007 A.Poncet CERN ECL2 workshop CERN AA and EPA clearing systems 9 AA clearing electrode control and acquisition of the clearing current (F.Pedersen) Triax connecting cable

10. 1 st March 2007 A.Poncet CERN ECL2 workshop CERN AA and EPA clearing systems 10 EPA clearing system after improvements Features: -3 series circuits (triax 1986, HV jan 1987, HV sept 1987) -global measurement of clearing current (in nanoamps) (triax circuit) -polarised BP PU’s in quads -continuous upgrade with resistively plated ceramic buttons in LS, quads and dipoles

11. 1 st March 2007 A.Poncet CERN ECL2 workshop CERN AA and EPA clearing systems 11 “Button” EPA clearing electrodes

12. 1 st March 2007 A.Poncet CERN ECL2 workshop CERN AA and EPA clearing systems 12 a)metallic electrode b) Metallic electrode with RF filter c) Ceramic electrode with resistive coating and RF filter Possible electrode drawback : coupling with the beam (from F.Caspers):

13. 1 st March 2007 A.Poncet CERN ECL2 workshop CERN AA and EPA clearing systems 13 Required clearing field to fully remove ions

14. 1 st March 2007 A.Poncet CERN ECL2 workshop CERN AA and EPA clearing systems 14 33 Ion cloud profile for ions created at rest (no thermal energy spread) Dashed line - electron beam, solid line - ion cloud. Required clearing field to fully remove ions…caveat : transverse ion distribution is not (necessarily) a replica of the beam ! (P.Tavares) (one must also take into account longitudinal drift velocities)

15. 1 st March 2007 A.Poncet CERN ECL2 workshop CERN AA and EPA clearing systems 15 EPA clearing current as function of clearing voltage

16. 1 st March 2007 A.Poncet CERN ECL2 workshop CERN AA and EPA clearing systems 16 AA clearing currents as a function of DC clearing voltage volts 0 -10 -20 -30 -40 -50 -60 -70 -80 -90 10^11 5 10^11 Number of antiprotons “high” emittance beam “low” emittance beam

17. 1 st March 2007 A.Poncet CERN ECL2 workshop CERN AA and EPA clearing systems 17 Fermilab AA : effect on accumulation rate of shaking the beam (works only with clearing on) S. Van der Meer et al.: Transverse shaking Close to a N-Q betatron sideband AND Close to particle bounce frequency

18. 1 st March 2007 A.Poncet CERN ECL2 workshop CERN AA and EPA clearing systems 18 CERN EPA : effect of shaking the beam (works only with clearing ON )

19. 1 st March 2007 A.Poncet CERN ECL2 workshop CERN AA and EPA clearing systems 19 What we – AA “ghost busters” - learned…: (for machines like AA and EPA prone to trapping of course !) Clearing electrodes are essential (but not enough ?!) “low impedance” design works Sufficiently high extraction DC voltage is required (!) Shaking the beam near an N-Q sideband close to trapped particle bounce frequency is very efficient to further reduce neutralisation effects Shaking in AA’s and EPA worked…if one had clearing electrodes turned ON ! Avoid ion “pockets” ! (e.g. continuous beam pipe profile) However…very difficult to go below 0.1% neutralisation (pockets) And Continuous DC electrodes in magnetic fields might be necessary (some evidence for this in AA and EPA) Provide the best possible VACUUM !