1. Fig. 8-CO, p. 202

2. Fig. 8-1, p. 203

3. Nitrogen (N 2 ) Oxygen (O 2 ) Argon (Ar) Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) Neon, Helium, Methane, and other elements and compounds

4. Fig. 8-2a, p. 204

5. 2,000 m 10°C Expands and cools Compresses and warms 1,000 m 20°C Air parcel 30°C 0 m

6. Fig. 8-2b, p. 204

7. Fig. 8-3, p. 205

8. Incoming short-wave solar radiation (light) at top of atmosphere: 7 million calories per square meter per day, averaged for the Earth as a whole 100% Light (short-wave radiation), 30% = 100% Space 100% 6% 20%4%6%38% 26% Atmosphere Back- scattered by air Net emission by water vapor, CO 2 Absorbed by water vapor, dust, CO 2 Emission by clouds Reflected by clouds 15% Absorption by water vapor, CO 2 Absorbed by water and land Net surface emission of long- wave radiation Reflected by water and land surface Sensible heat Latent heat 21%7%23% Absorbed by clouds Outgoing radiation Infrared (long-wave) radiation, 70% 16% 3% 51% +

9. Fig. 8-4, p. 206

10. Light bounces off Up Sun is low in the sky 1 m 2 Solar beam Up Sun is overhead 1 m 2 Solar beam Light is absorbed Equator

11. Fig. 8-5a, p. 206

12. Balance Surplus Deficit Heat transfer Radiant energy in one year 9060300 6090 °North Latitude °South Average annual solar radiation absorbed Average annual infrared radiation emitted

13. Fig. 8-5b, p. 206

14. North Pole Net heat loss 38°N Net heat gain Equator 38°S Net heat loss South Pole

15. Fig. 8-6, p. 207

16. Winter (Northern Hemisphere tilts away from sun) 23½° To Polaris Spring (sun aims directly at equator) Summer (Northern Hemisphere tilts toward sun) Fall (sun aims directly at equator)

17. Fig. 8-6, p. 207 Winter (Northern Hemisphere tilts away from sun) Spring (sun aims directly at equator) Summer (Northern Hemisphere tilts toward sun) Fall (sun aims directly at equator) Stepped Art 23½° To Polaris

18. Fig. 8-7, p. 208

19. Cold window (closed) Warm air rising Hot radiator Cool air falling

20. Fig. 8-8, p. 208

21. Descending cold air North Pole Hot Rising warm air Equator Cool Descending cold air

22. Fig. 8-9, p. 209

23. North Pole Earth “skinnier” here Buffalo disk Buffalo Path of Buffalo in one day Quito disk Equator Earth “fat” here Quito Path of Quito in one day 79°W South Pole

24. Fig. 8-10, p. 209

25. Fig. 8-11, p. 210

26. Quito moves at 1,668 km/hr (1,036 mi/hr). Note: Quito’s longer distance through space in one hour is still 15°. Buffalo moves at 1,260 km/hr (783 mi/hr). Note: Buffalo’s shorter distance through space in one hour is still 15°. 15° (Earth rotates east) North Pole Buffalo disk Equator Quito disk

27. Fig. 8-12, p. 210

28. Buffalo 1,260 km/hr (783 mi/hr) east Lands off course! Cannonball 1 Cannonball 2 Misses! Quito 1,668 km/hr (1,036 mi/hr) east −79°W

30. Fig. 8-13, p. 211 Polar cell Jet stream, flows west to east Westerlies 60° Mid-latitude cell (Ferrel cell) 30° Cool air falls Subtropical high- pressure belt Tropical cell (Hadley cell) Northeasterly trades Warm air rises Equator Equatorial trough - low- pressure belt (Doldrums, ITCZ) Southeasterly trades Tropical cell (Hadley cell) Cool air falls 30° Subtropical high- pressure belt Westerlies 60° Mid-latitude cell (Ferrel cell) Jet stream, flows west to east Polar cell

31. Fig. 8-14, p. 213

32. July ? Geographical equator January Geographical equator

33. Fig. 8-15, p. 214

34. Table 8-1, p. 214

35. Fig. 8-16a/b, p. 215

36. Northeast monsoon Geographical equator Northwest monsoon ITCZ January ITCZ Geographical equator Southwest monsoon African southwest monsoon Southeast monsoon July

37. Fig. 8-16c, p. 215

38. Cherrapunji L Bay of Bengal South China Sea Wet, unstable air

39. Fig. 8-17, p. 216

40. Fig. 8-17a, p. 216

41. Warm air ascends Cool air descends Onshore flow Warmer land Cooler sea

42. Fig. 8-17b, p. 216

43. Cool air descends Warm air ascends Offshore flow Cooler land Warmer sea

44. Fig. 8-18, p. 217

45. Fig. 8-19, p. 218

46. Fig. 8-19a, p. 218 North Cold air Atmospheric Low pressure increases Low Warm front Front A Warm air Atmospheric Warm air pressure increases South Cold front Stage 1 Stage 2Stage 3

47. Fig. 8-19b, p. 218 Winds aloft Thunderstorms A 0°C (32°F) Cold front Warm front Cold air B Widespread precipitation Warm air 0 ft 4°C (39°F) 11°C (52°F) 9°C (48°F) 0°C (32°F) 600 km Cold air receding -6°C (22°F) L 50 km 26000 ft

48. Fig. 8-20, p. 218

49. Fig. 8-21, p. 219

50. Fig. 8-22, pp. 218-219

51. Fig. 8-23, p. 220

52. Fig. 8-24, p. 221

53. Fig. 8-25, p. 221

54. N Equator Air starts moving toward a zone of low pressure and veers off course to right L Core of tropical cyclone rotating to the left, counterclockwise Air starts moving toward a zone of low pressure and veers off course to right

55. Air starts moving toward a zone of low pressure and veers off course to right Core of tropical cyclone rotating to the left, or counterclockwise Air starts moving toward a zone of low pressure and veers off course to right N Equator Fig. 8-25, p. 221 Stepped Art

56. Table 8-2, p. 222

57. Fig. 8-26a, p. 223

58. NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN NORTH ATLANTIC OCEAN 30°N Equator 30°S SOUTH PACIFIC OCEAN SOUTH ATLANTIC OCEAN INDIAN OCEAN

59. Fig. 8-26b, p. 223

60. Box 8-1, p. 224

61. Fig. 8-27, p. 225

62. Fig. 8-28, p. 226

63. Fig. 8-29, p. 226

64. Fig. 8-30, p. 227

65. Fig. 8-31, p. 227

66. Fig. 8-32, p. 227

67. Fig. 8-33, p. 228