2. Philadelphia was the first capital of the United States.

4. 1. Volcanoes 2. Seismic Waves

6. Seismic Waves: There are 2 types of seismic waves. These waves are called Primary Waves and Secondary Waves. 1. P- Waves travel through solids, liquids, & gases. And also travel at a faster rate than S-waves. 2. S- Waves; travel only through solids. * Both waves will travel faster through more ridged (dense) materials.

7. Layers of the Earth

8. As the Earth formed, 3 factors caused the earth to get hot: 1. Meteorite bombardment 2. Compression 3. Radioactive Minerals

9. As the Earth heated it separated into layers based on density. The heavier elements sank to the center, and the lighter ones came to the surface.

10. the crust is made up of a thin, solid layer covering the entire earth’s surface. The crust’s thickness ranges from 5 to 20 miles, it only makes up 1% of the earth's volume.

11. There are two types of crust: Continental and Oceanic:

12. The oceanic crust is younger and more dense. Due to its higher density, when the two crust meet the oceanic will subduct (go under) the continental crust.

14. The Moho is the boundary between the earth’s crust and mantel. In this area the speed of seismic waves increase. Its thickness is about a 6 th of a mile.

16. The mantle makes up 80 % of the earth's volume. The mantle is divided into two layers.

17. The upper layer of the Mantle is the lithosphere. The lithosphere is made up of a solid ridged rock layer.

19. 2 nd layer is the Asthenosphere. Is twice the size of the lithosphere. It is made up of solid rock. But because of the enormous heat and pressure at this depth, the solid rock has the ability to flow.

21. Last layer is the core: It’s volume is 19 %

22. 1 st layer is the Outer Core. Due to great pressure and temperature and the inner core spinning. This layer is made of a liquid iron nickel material.

24. The last layer is the inner core. It is made up of a dense solid of iron & nickel.

25. It is believed to be made up of Iron and Nickel because of the way the Earth’s gravitation pull works between the Sun and the Moon.

27. I have two arms, but fingers none. I have two feet, but cannot run. I carry well, but I have found I carry best with my feet off the ground. What am I?