2.  Cities were dark, unsafe and dirty › No sewage disposal  Doctors were poorly trained and misunderstood the basics of health and human anatomy › Church did not allow autopsies  The Plague, caused by bacteria, began in Asia and originally spread along trading routes

3. 1. Fleas bite infected rats 2. Bacteria multiplies in rat’s intestines 3. Rat’s intestines quit functioning; rat dies; flea jumps to new host filled with infected blood 4. Flea bites human (new host); bacteria from the rat’s blood now enters human blood stream 5. Human is now infected with the plague

4.  Bubonic: 30-75% chance of death* › body sores & flu symptoms  Pneumonic: 95% chance of death › bacteria attacked the lungs  Septicemic: 100% chance of death › bacteria attacked the blood cells *based on what area you lived in

5.  “Bleeding”—cut veins to let the blood drain out or put leeches on the skin to suck their blood › Barbers doubled as doctors in the middle ages  Burned aromatic woods  Special diets (avoid foods that smell bad)  Medicine made with gold, pearls & roses  Breathing through hankies with herbs and flowers to keep from getting the illness

6. 1. 25 million dead - 1/3 of Europe’s population 2. Huge labor shortages › Demanded higher wages & were refused › Led to many revolts 3. Increased standard of living for survivors › Inherited land & less competition for resources 4. Many felt abandoned by God › Weakened the power of the Church

7. 1) Freedom—anyone who lived in a town for one year and one day was free (aka: no longer serfs indentured to the manor) 2) Exemption—did not have to work on a manor 3) Town Justice—court system free from the King’s justice 4) Commercial Privileges—right to own a business, to buy, sell and trade

8. CRAFT GUILD  One guild for every different craft  Set wages, hours & working conditions  Helped members & their families in need  Protected its members  * Made the goods MERCHANT GUILD  One per town  Merchants must pay a fee to trade in a town  Helped members & their families (especially widows)  Protected its members  * Sold & traded the goods

9. Apprentice  Young boys  Lived with a master  Learned the craft  For 5 to 9 years Master Worker  Must complete a masterpiece (work worthy of a master)  Guild must approve the piece  Open his own shop Journeyman  Paid Wages  Continued to live with/work for master until finished masterpiece