1. Earthquakes

2. Define earthquake Large vibrations that move through rock or other Earth materials Movement of the ground that occurs when rocks inside the Earth pass their elastic limit, break suddenly, and experience elastic rebound.

3. Earthquakes Describe elastic rebound When rocks strain and then break; the broken pieces snap back

4. Earthquakes Describe how rocks change Rocks change, or deform, slowly over long periods of time. As they are strained, potential energy builds them up. Energy is released suddenly when rocks break and move. The movement causes vibrations that move through the Earth.

5. Earthquakes Faults: When a section of rock breaks, rocks on either side of the break along which rocks move might move as a result of elastic rebound.

6. Earthquakes Define fault The surface of a break along which a rock moves

7. Earthquakes Describe normal fault Caused by tension forces, rock above the fault moves down compared to rock below the fault http://vimeo.com/26595272

8. Earthquakes Describe reverse fault Caused by compression forces, rock above the fault moves upward compared to rock below

9. Earthquakes Describe strike-slip fault Caused by shear forces, rock on either side of the fault moves past one another in opposite directions http://www.pbs.org/wnet/savageearth/animations/fault-strikeslip.html

10. Earthquakes Earthquake waves are transmitted through materials in Earth and along Earth’s surface. Seismic waves : Earthquake waves are called seismic waves.

11. Earthquakes Movement along a fault releases strain energy. Strain energy is potential energy that builds up in rock when it is bent. When this potential energy is released it moves outward in the form of seismic waves.

12. Earthquakes Define seismic waves The release of potential energy from a strained rock that moves outward from a fault

13. Earthquakes Where this movement first occurs is called the focus of the earthquake.

14. Earthquakes Epicenter: The point on Earth’s surface located directly above the earthquake focus

15. Earthquakes How do seismic waves travel? P-waves Primary waves (or P-waves) cause rock to move back and forth in the same direction the waves are moving. CONT

16. Earthquakes How do seismic waves travel? S-waves Secondary waves (or S-waves) cause rock to vibrate at right angles to the direction the waves are moving. CONT

17. Earthquakes P-waves S-waves P-waves travel through solids and liquids, so they can travel through all of the Earth’s layers S-waves cannot travel through liquid rock, so they cannot travel through the outer core

18. Earthquakes How do seismic waves travel? surface waves Surface waves are the slowest, largest, and most destructive waves.

19. Earthquakes Seismograph: The instrument used to record seismic waves

20. Earthquakes Magnitude: The measure of energy released by the earthquake. Richter Scale: Describes the magnitude of energy an earthquake releases. Gives a number to the magnitude. CONT

21. Earthquakes

22. Richter Scale: For every increase of 1.0 on the scale the amount of energy released is 32 times more. For example, an earthquake with a magnitude of 7.5 releases 32 times more energy than one with a magnitude of 6.5.

23. Earthquakes Tsunamis : Seismic sea waves. -When a earthquake occurs on the ocean floor the sudden movement pushes against the water and powerful waves are produced. These waves can travel thousands of miles.

24. Earthquakes Tsunamis: In the open ocean the tsunamis speed can reach 600 miles per hour. Wave heights are less than a meter in deep water. At landfall wave heights can be 30 meters.

25. Earthquakes Seismic Safe: Able to stand up against the vibrations caused by most earthquakes.Seismic Safe: Able to stand up against the vibrations caused by most earthquakes.

26. Earthquakes Earthquake prediction: Difficult as no single change in Earth occurs for all earthquakes.

27. Earthquakes http://www.cs.siu.edu/csday/2011_2/earthquake s.shtmlhttp://www.cs.siu.edu/csday/2011_2/earthquake s.shtmlhttp://www.cs.siu.edu/csday/2011_2/earthquake s.shtmlhttp://www.cs.siu.edu/csday/2011_2/earthquake s.shtml http://www.legoengineering.com/real-world- engineering-using-the-nxt-for-earthquake- simulation/http://www.legoengineering.com/real-world- engineering-using-the-nxt-for-earthquake- simulation/http://www.legoengineering.com/real-world- engineering-using-the-nxt-for-earthquake- simulation/http://www.legoengineering.com/real-world- engineering-using-the-nxt-for-earthquake- simulation/ http://www.suu.edu/faculty/colberg/Hazards/Eart hquakes/Earthquake_SG.htmlhttp://www.suu.edu/faculty/colberg/Hazards/Eart hquakes/Earthquake_SG.htmlhttp://www.suu.edu/faculty/colberg/Hazards/Eart hquakes/Earthquake_SG.htmlhttp://www.suu.edu/faculty/colberg/Hazards/Eart hquakes/Earthquake_SG.html http://www.artinaid.com/2013/04/components- and-types-of-geological-faults/http://www.artinaid.com/2013/04/components- and-types-of-geological-faults/http://www.artinaid.com/2013/04/components- and-types-of-geological-faults/http://www.artinaid.com/2013/04/components- and-types-of-geological-faults/ http://www.fossweb.com/delegate/ssi-foss- ucm/Contribution%20Folders/FOSS/multimedia_ ms_1E/EarthHistory/html/earth- processes/faulting-r-ex1.htmhttp://www.fossweb.com/delegate/ssi-foss- ucm/Contribution%20Folders/FOSS/multimedia_ ms_1E/EarthHistory/html/earth- processes/faulting-r-ex1.htmhttp://www.fossweb.com/delegate/ssi-foss- ucm/Contribution%20Folders/FOSS/multimedia_ ms_1E/EarthHistory/html/earth- processes/faulting-r-ex1.htmhttp://www.fossweb.com/delegate/ssi-foss- ucm/Contribution%20Folders/FOSS/multimedia_ ms_1E/EarthHistory/html/earth- processes/faulting-r-ex1.htm

28. Earthquakes http://www.astarmathsandphysics.com/o_level_p hysics_notes/o_level_physics_notes_s_and_p_ waves.htmlhttp://www.astarmathsandphysics.com/o_level_p hysics_notes/o_level_physics_notes_s_and_p_ waves.htmlhttp://www.astarmathsandphysics.com/o_level_p hysics_notes/o_level_physics_notes_s_and_p_ waves.htmlhttp://www.astarmathsandphysics.com/o_level_p hysics_notes/o_level_physics_notes_s_and_p_ waves.html http://www.studyblue.com/notes/note/n/chapter- 6-earthquakes/deck/2071080http://www.studyblue.com/notes/note/n/chapter- 6-earthquakes/deck/2071080http://www.studyblue.com/notes/note/n/chapter- 6-earthquakes/deck/2071080http://www.studyblue.com/notes/note/n/chapter- 6-earthquakes/deck/2071080