1. Reconstruction 1865-1877

2. State of the South

4. Ruins in Front of the Capitol – Richmond, VA, 1865

5. Grounds of the Ruined Arsenal with Scattered Shot and Shell - Richmond, VA, April 1865

6. Guns and Ruined Buildings Near the Tredegar Iron Works - Richmond, VA, April 1865

7. Right: Atlanta, Georgia Above: Charleston, South Carolina

8. Crippled Locomotive, Richmond & Petersburg Railroad Depot - Richmond, VA, 1865

9. A Southern armored railroad gun has gone as far as it can on these rails, typifying Civil War destruction of Southern railroad tracks. (Virginia) This famous photo was taken looking across the ruins of the railroad bridge in Fredericksburg, Virginia

10. · Newly freed slaves, freedmen, had no land, jobs, or education. Left and right: post-Civil War Ohio Atlanta, GA

11. After the Civil War  The Civil War was the most costly war in American History in terms of total devastation.  At least 618,000 Americans died in the Civil War, and some experts say the toll reached 700,000.  These casualties exceed the nation's loss in all its other wars, from the Revolution through Vietnam.

12. Amazing War Losses

18. Obstacles to Overcome 1. What to do with the leaders of the Confederacy Johnson wanted to pardon them, congress wanted to hang them 2. What was the legal and constitutional status of Freedmen (freed slaves) 3. How does a state return to the Union? Lincoln wanted it done quickly but the Radical Republicans wanted to punish the south and occupy it with the military

19. Reconstruction Plan President Lincoln wanted to reunite the nation as quickly as possible. Any southern state with at least 10% of its voters making a pledge to be loyal to the U.S. could be readmitted to the Union. The South also had to accept a ban on slavery.

20. Lincoln is assassinated Just six days after the war ended, on April 15, 1865, President Abraham Lincoln was assassinated while watching a play. Lincoln was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth, a Southerner who was angry at Lincoln. Vice-President Andrew Johnson became president.

22. Presidential Reconstruction  Presidential Reconstruction was controlled by Lincoln and Johnson  Its goal was to reunite the country as quickly and painlessly as possible  The 13 th amendment had been passed abolishing slavery  Johnson was sympathetic to the South a. 10% pledge oath of loyalty to union b. Rewrite state Constitution outlawing slavery and secession

24. The South Mistreats the Freedmen After the war Southern State governments will issue Black Codes Black codes denied African Americans  Voting rights  The right to to own property  The right to preach  The right to testify in court or serve on a jury  The right to leave their plantations  The right to own guns  The right to public meetings  Some will say it was worse than slavery

25. Tenant Farming - Many former slaves will have no money or skills and will continue to work on the same land as Sharecroppers or Tenant Farmers - Sharecroppers were people who worked for a landlord, using the landlords equipment for a portion of their crop. - Landlords took advantage of the slaves and forced them into permanent debt

26. Sharecropping

27. Disenfranchisement Many laws were passed to prevent former slaves from voting The grandfather clause said that if your grandfather could not vote, neither can you “Literacy Tests” would be given before you could vote if you were black The Pole Tax was a law that would require people to pay a tax to vote, former slaves could not afford this The KKK was created to “protect southern values” and disenfranchise black voters

28. Ku Klux Klan In 1866 a group of white southerners created the Ku Klux Klan. The KKK was a secret society opposed to African Americans obtaining civil rights, particularly the right to vote. The KKK used violence and intimidation to frighten blacks. Klan members wore white robes and hoods to hide their identities. The Klan was known to have murdered many people.

31. Radical Republicans The Black Codes angered many Republicans in Congress who felt the South was returning to its old ways. The Radical Republicans wanted the South to change more before they could be readmitted to the Union. They were angry at President Johnson for letting the South off so easy.

32. Freedman’s Bureau - Established by Congress to help freed slaves and some poor whites - Often help educate the former slaves building schools and hiring teachers - Many of these teachers came from the north and were distrusted by the former Confederates - Northerners who came south were known as Carpetbaggers - Southerners who worked with the Bureau were known as Scalawags

33. Johnson Blocks Congress When Congress attempts to continue the Freedman’s Bureau Johnson will Veto it. Congress will try to pass the Civil Rights Act of 1866 which will give equal rights to former slaves Johnson will veto it as well Congress will also try to pass the Military Reconstruction Act Johnson will also Veto it Congress has a 2/3 majority of Radical Republicans so it will override Johnson’s Veto

34. Congressional Reconstruction (1866-1877) 1.Radical republicans wanted to punish the South, viewed them as conquered territories 2.Majority of citizens must pledge loyalty, not just 10% 3.Passed 14 th, 15 th Amendments 4.Led by Thaddeus Stevens 5. Reconstruction Act of 1867 – divided former Confederacy into 5 military districts (military occupation), set up new requirements to gain readmission to the Union This will be known as Military Reconstruction

35. Johnson Impeached:  Impeached means to be ACCUSED of a crime  Johnson is impeached for violating the Tenure of Office Act  The Tenure of Office Act said it was illegal for a president to fire a cabinet member without the consent of the Senate  The House of Representatives can impeach a president, but he is tried in the Senate  Senate saved Johnson by 1 vote

36. The 14th Amendment The 14th Amendment guaranteed citizenship to all people born or naturalized within the U.S. except for the Indians. It said that state governments could not “deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law.”

37. 15th Amendment In 1870 the 15th Amendment became law. The 15th Amendment gave African American men the right to vote. Women’s rights activists were angry because the amendment did not also grant women the right to vote.

38. Military Reconstruction

39. New President  In 1868 Ulysses S. Grant will be elected president, he will be considered one of the worst presidents  His presidency will be filled with corruption like  The Whiskey Ring- Where a group of congressmen stole money from the tax on whiskey  The Gold Ring- Where 2 men tried to buy a majority of the country's gold and then sell it at a huge profit, thus ruining the economy  Credit Moblier Scandal- Where members of Grant's cabinet set up a railroad company that didn't exist and then got federal money to build railroads they didn't build

41. Election of 1876

42. Compromise of 1877 (2 nd Corrupt Bargain)  The election of 1876 was disputed and to become president Hayes had to make a deal with the south  Hayes agreed to end reconstruction if the south would agree to his presidency Hayes also agreed to help industrialize the south  As soon as he is elected he pulled troops out of the southern states  The result is the “Solid South” which was the south voting for democrats in every election from 1860 to 1964  Hayes will never industrialize the south like he agreed

43. Solid South

44. Jim Crow After the troops leave the south Jim Crow laws will go into effect These laws will deny blacks rights despite all of the amendments passed to secure those rights Jim Crow will later be known as segregation, it would deny blacks equal facilities such as restaurants, water fountains, and schools Jim Crow will also deny blacks the right to vote