1. Observable Patterns of Inheritance Chapter 11

2. Early Ideas about Heredity People knew that sperm and eggs transmitted information about traits Blending theory: traits from mom and dad would “blend” in offspring Problem: –Would expect variation to disappear eventually –Variation in traits persists

3. Gregor Mendel First to study “genetics” Strong background in plant breeding and mathematics Using pea plants, found indirect but observable evidence of how parents transmit genes to offspring

4. Genes Units of information about specific traits Passed from parents to offspring Each has a specific location (locus) on a chromosome

5. Alleles Different molecular forms of a gene Arise by mutation Dominant allele masks a recessive allele that is paired with it

6. Allele Combinations Homozygous –having two identical alleles at a locus –AA or aa Heterozygous –having two different alleles at a locus –Aa

7. Genetic Terms A pair of homologous chromosomes A gene locus A pair of alleles Three pairs of genes Figure 11.4 Page 179

8. Genotype & Phenotype Genotype refers to particular genes an individual carries Phenotype refers to an individual’s observable traits Cannot always determine genotype by observing phenotype

9. Tracking Generations Parental generation P mates to produce First-generation offspring F 1 mate to produce Second-generation offspring F 2

10. Monohybrid Crosses Experimental intercross between two F 1 heterozygotes (one trait is observed) AA X aaAa (F 1 monohybrids) Aa X Aa ?

11. Mendel’s Monohybrid Cross Results 787 tall277 dwarf 651 long stem207 at tip 705 purple224 white 152 yellow428 green 299 wrinkled882 inflated 6,022 yellow2,001 green 5,474 round1,850 wrinkled F 2 plants showed dominant-to- recessive ratio that averaged 3:1 Figure 11.5 Page 180

12. Probability The chance that each outcome of a given event will occur is proportional to the number of ways that event can be reached

13. Monohybrid Cross Illustrated True-breeding homozygous recessive parent plant True-breeding homozygous dominant parent plant An F 1 plant self-fertilizes and produces gametes: F 1 PHENOTYPES F 2 PHENOTYPES aa Aa AA aaAa AA aa A A A A aa a a AA Figure 11.7 Page 181

14. Mendel’s Theory of Segregation An individual inherits a unit of information (allele) about a trait from each parent During gamete formation, the alleles segregate from each other

15. Test Cross Individual that shows dominant phenotype is crossed with individual with recessive phenotype Examining offspring allows you to determine the genotype of the dominant individual

16. Punnett Squares of Test Crosses Homozygous recessive a A aaa Aa aa Homozygous recessive a A AAa Two phenotypesAll dominant phenotype

17. Dihybrid Cross Experimental cross between individuals that are homozygous for different versions of two traits

18. Dihybrid Cross: F 1 Results AABBaabbx AaBb AB ab TRUE- BREEDING PARENTS: GAMETES : F 1 HYBRID OFFSPRING: purple flowers, tall white flowers, dwarf All purple-flowered, tall Figure 11.9 (1) Page 183

19. 1/16 aaBB 1/16 aaBb 1/16 aaBb 1/16 Aabb 1/16 Aabb 1/16 AAbb 1/16 AABB 1/16 AABb 1/16 AaBB 1/16 AaBb 1/16 AABb 1/16 AaBb 1/16 AaBB 1/16 AaBb 1/16 AaBb 1/4 AB1/4 Ab1/4 aB1/4 ab 1/16 aabb 1/4 AB 1/4 Ab 1/4 aB 1/4 ab AaBb X 1/16 white-flowered, dwarf 3/16 white-flowered, tall 3/16 purple-flowered, dwarf 9/16 purple-flowered, tall Dihybrid Cross: F 2 Results Figure 11.9(2) Page 183

20. Independent Assortment Mendel concluded that the two “units” for the first trait were to be assorted into gametes independently of the two “units” for the other trait Members of each pair of homologous chromosomes are sorted into gametes at random during meiosis

21. Independent Assortment Metaphase I: Metaphase II: Gametes: 1/4 AB1/4 ab1/4 Ab1/4 aB AAAA AAAA AAAA BB BB BB BB BBBB aaaa aaaa aaaa bbbb bbbb bbbb OR

22. Dominance Relations Complete dominance Incomplete dominance Codominance

23. Incomplete Dominance X Homozygous parent Homozygous parent All F 1 are heterozygous X F 2 shows three phenotypes in 1:2:1 ratio Incomplete Dominance Figure 11.10 Page 184

24. Codominance: ABO Blood Types Gene that controls ABO type codes for enzyme that dictates structure of a glycolipid on blood cells Two alleles (I A and I B ) are codominant when paired Third allele (i) is recessive to others

25. Multiple Alleles (also ABO blood type) 1.More than two alleles for a trait in a population 2.Individuals can only have 2 alleles

26. ABO Blood Type: Allele Combinations Range of genotypes: Blood types: I A I A iI A I B I B i I B ii AABBO or Figure 11.11 Page 184

27. ABO and Transfusions Recipient’s immune system will attack blood cells that have an unfamiliar glycolipid on surface Type O is universal donor because it has neither type A nor type B glycolipid

28. Pleiotropy Alleles at a single locus may have effects on two or more traits Marfan syndrome - Mutation in gene for fibrillin affects skeleton, cardiovascular system, lungs, eyes, and skin

29. Epistasis Interaction between the products of gene pairs Common among genes for hair color in mammals –Laborador retrievers 1 gene codes for melanin production and another codes for melanin deposition

30. Coat Color in Retrievers bbeeBBEEX F 1 puppies are all BbEe BBEE BBEe BbEE BbEe Bbee BbEe Bbee BBEeBbEEBbEe BBeeBbEe bbeebbEe bbEEbbEe BEBebEbe BE Be bE be black brown yellow F 2 puppies Figure 11.13 Page 186

31. Comb Shape in Poultry 9/16 walnut3/16 rose3/16 pea 1/16 single rrpp RRpp (rose comb) rrPP (pea comb) RrPp (all walnut comb) P: F2:F2: F1:F1: X RRPP RRPp RrPP RrPp RRpp Rrpp rrPP rrPp Figure 11.15 Page 187

32. Continuous Variation A more or less continuous range of small differences in a given trait among individuals The greater the number of genes and environmental factors that affect a trait, the more continuous the variation in versions of that trait in bio 1 we called it polygenic inheritance –A trait controlled by more than one gene

33. Describing Continuous Variation Range of values for the trait Number of individuals with some value of the trait (line of bell-shaped curve indicates continuous variation in population) Range of values for the trait Number of individuals with some value of the trait

34. Environment can control how genes are expressed Examples: Coat color in rabbits can change with temp. Hydrangea flower color changes with soil acidity Human height is affected by nutrition

35. Go over multiple alleles More than 2 alleles in the population Ex. ABO blood types