1. Emissions Information

2. Emissions Controls Hydrocarbons- A class of burned or partially burned fuel, hydrocarbons are toxins. – Prolonged exposure to hydrocarbons contributes to asthma, liver disease, lung disease, and cancer. – Methane is not directly toxic, but is more difficult to break down and is a greenhouse gas. Carbon monoxide (CO) - A product of incomplete combustion, carbon monoxide reduces the blood's ability to carry oxygen. No x - Generated when nitrogen in the air reacts with oxygen at the high temperature and pressure inside the engine. NO x is a precursor to smog and acid rain. NO x is the sum of NO and NO 2. NO 2 is extremely reactive. NO x production is increased when an engine runs at its most efficient (i.e. hottest) part of the cycle. Particulate Matter-Soot or smoke made up of particles in the micrometer size range. – Particulate matter causes negative health effects, including but not limited to respiratory disease and cancer. Sulfur Oxide (SO x ) - A general term for oxides of sulfur, which are emitted from motor vehicles burning fuel containing sulfur. Reducing the level of fuel sulfur reduces the level of Sulfur oxide emitted from the tailpipe. Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) - Organic compounds which typically have a boiling point less than or equal to 250 °C. – chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) – Formaldehyde

3. Vehicle Types Diesel Gasoline Hybrid Electric Hydrogen

4. Diesel Today, there are low-sulfur version of diesel fuel, sometimes called "clean diesel" – Produce less pollution and cut back on the sooty smell reminiscent of the 1980s Specialized catalytic converters, advanced filters, and other devices to cut down or destroy toxic emissions The engine is more like a workhorse — slower, stronger, and more enduring Diesel fuel is one of the most efficient and energy dense fuels available today and gets better mileage than gasoline engines Biodiesel

5. Gasoline Gasoline-powered engine is like a racehorse — high- strung, fiery, and fast Non-renewable energy source (depleting petroleum reserves) CO 2 output – Nearly two-thirds of transportation-related greenhouse- gas emissions come from personal automobiles, and the less fuel-efficient your ride, the more you contribute to that percentage—not to mention smog-forming nitrous oxide, carbon monoxide, and airborne particulates that can lead to asthma, strokes, and heart attacks. Ethanol-based fuels are easier to make emissions adjustments on

6. Hybrid Primarily internal combustion engine Hybrid vehicles run cleaner than their conventional cousins. Toyota claims their cars are up to 80% cleaner than conventional gas engines Hybrid cars are environmentally friendlier than conventional gas engine cars, and have lower emissions You typically get 8 year warranties on the hybrid system Tax deductions/credits may be available If enough people drive hybrids responsibly, our oil consumption will drop, leading to lower gas prices You'll see the maximum gas savings if you mostly drive in stop and go city traffic at slower average speeds Highway driving is not very efficient

7. Electric Higher cost, limited range, longtime refueling, very high costs for the consumer No emissions, quiet and quick, home recharging, cheaper to operate

8. Hydrogen Fuel Cells FCVs in California are required to use 33 percent renewably sourced gaseous hydrogen. The rest comes from natural gas which is anything but zero emission. Release water vapor which can be a greenhouse gas Infrastructure is not very established and hydrogen is expensive Fast fill-ups, long driving range