1. CHAPTER 6

2. ALKALI METALS Group 1 Group 1 Alkali comes from the Arabic word meaning ashes. Alkali comes from the Arabic word meaning ashes. Shiny solids Shiny solids malleable, ductile. Good conductors of electricity malleable, ductile. Good conductors of electricity soft enough to be cut by a knife soft enough to be cut by a knife highly reactive with water and air highly reactive with water and air stored in oil stored in oil reactivity increases going down the group reactivity increases going down the group produce ions with a +1 charge produce ions with a +1 charge

3. ALKALINE EARTH METALS Group 2 Group 2 name derived from the chemists of the Middle Ages name derived from the chemists of the Middle Ages higher densities and melting points than the alkali metals higher densities and melting points than the alkali metals not as reactive as the alkali metals not as reactive as the alkali metals react with water react with water produce ions with a +2 charge produce ions with a +2 charge occur naturally in mineral deposits occur naturally in mineral deposits

4. TRANSITION METALS THE “D” BLOCK play an important role in living organisms play an important role in living organisms strong structural materials strong structural materials high densities and high melting points high densities and high melting points

5. TRANSITION METALS THE “D” BLOCK Alloy- a solid solution of two metals mixed together Alloy- a solid solution of two metals mixed together Coinage Metals- Copper Silver Gold Coinage Metals- Copper Silver Gold primary use used to be making coins tin + copper → bronze tin + copper → bronze zinc + copper → brass zinc + copper → brass

6. TRANSITION METALS THE “D” BLOCK What is patina? What is patina? the amount of gold in an alloy is expressed in karats the amount of gold in an alloy is expressed in karats pure gold is 24 karats pure gold is 24 karats # karats x 100% of gold in alloy 24 24

7. INNER TRANSITION METALS THE “F” BLOCK 4f Lanthanides 4f Lanthanides 5f Actinides 5f Actinides

8. INNER TRANSITION METALS THE “F” BLOCK Lanthanides Lanthanides those elements are very similar to one another those elements are very similar to one another lose 3e- to form +3 ions lose 3e- to form +3 ions soft silvery metals soft silvery metals not as reactive as the alkaline earth metals not as reactive as the alkaline earth metals primary use is to make special steel alloys primary use is to make special steel alloys

9. INNER TRANSITION METALS THE “F” BLOCK Actinides Actinides all isotopes of the se elements are radioactive all isotopes of the se elements are radioactive only Thorium and uranium occur naturally; all of the other elements are artificial (produced by nuclear bombardment reactions) only Thorium and uranium occur naturally; all of the other elements are artificial (produced by nuclear bombardment reactions)

10. THE “P” BLOCK the p block contains the p block contains metals and non-metals

11. THE “P” BLOCK Boron Group Boron Group form +3 ions form +3 ions aluminum is the 3rd most abundant element in the Earth’s crust aluminum is the 3rd most abundant element in the Earth’s crust aluminum ranks 2nd in production and consumption aluminum ranks 2nd in production and consumption

12. THE “P” BLOCK Carbon Group Carbon Group carbon is a major component of fossil fuels carbon is a major component of fossil fuels compounds made of carbon and hydrogen are called hydrocarbons compounds made of carbon and hydrogen are called hydrocarbons silicon is the 2nd most abundant element in the Earth’s crust silicon is the 2nd most abundant element in the Earth’s crust many rocks are made of silicates (silicon & oxygen) many rocks are made of silicates (silicon & oxygen) the Romans used lead for plumbing pipes the Romans used lead for plumbing pipes lead comes from the Latin word plumbum, and therefore the symbol is Pb lead comes from the Latin word plumbum, and therefore the symbol is Pb

13. THE “P” BLOCK Oxygen Group Oxygen Group oxygen is the most abundant element in the earth’s crust oxygen is the most abundant element in the earth’s crust oxygen makes up ≈23% of the mass of the air oxygen makes up ≈23% of the mass of the air combines with the most elements to form compounds called oxides combines with the most elements to form compounds called oxides O3 is ozone, in the upper atmosphere it protects us from the Sun’s ultraviolet radiation O3 is ozone, in the upper atmosphere it protects us from the Sun’s ultraviolet radiation sulfur containing compounds smell like rotten eggs sulfur containing compounds smell like rotten eggs small amounts of sulfur are added to natural gas (which is odorless) so that gas lleaks can be detected small amounts of sulfur are added to natural gas (which is odorless) so that gas lleaks can be detected sulfur is primarily used to produce sulfuric acid sulfur is primarily used to produce sulfuric acid

14. THE “P” BLOCK Nitrogen Group Nitrogen Group nitrogen makes up ≈80% of the Earth’s atmosphere nitrogen makes up ≈80% of the Earth’s atmosphere nitrogen is used in the manufacturing of fertilizers nitrogen is used in the manufacturing of fertilizers

15. HALOGENS in the Greek language, halogen means “salt former” in the Greek language, halogen means “salt former” all of the halogens exist in elemental form as diatomic molecules all of the halogens exist in elemental form as diatomic molecules F 2, Cl 2, Br 2, I 2 F 2, Cl 2, Br 2, I 2 halogens are highly reactive halogens are highly reactive the react with metals and many non-metals the react with metals and many non-metals they do not occur as free elements in nature they do not occur as free elements in nature they are highly reactive because by adding one more electron they will fill their valence shell and satisfy the Octet Rule they are highly reactive because by adding one more electron they will fill their valence shell and satisfy the Octet Rule

16. NOBLE GASES noble gases are the least reactive elements noble gases are the least reactive elements they have a full valence shell and satisfy the Octet Rule they have a full valence shell and satisfy the Octet Rule Argon makes up ≈1% of the Earth’s atmosphere Argon makes up ≈1% of the Earth’s atmosphere Argon forms no compounds and Argon forms no compounds and means “lazy one” in Greek Helium, Neon, and Argon do not form compounds Helium, Neon, and Argon do not form compounds Helium has the lowest boiling point of any known substance (-269˚C) Helium has the lowest boiling point of any known substance (-269˚C) Helium is the coldest refrigerant available Helium is the coldest refrigerant available

17. HYDROGEN hydrogen exists as a gas hydrogen exists as a gas colorless, odorless and exists as H 2 colorless, odorless and exists as H 2 hydrogen is light enough to escape the Earth’s gravitational attraction hydrogen is light enough to escape the Earth’s gravitational attraction most of the Earth’s hydrogen is combined with oxygen as water (H 2 O) most of the Earth’s hydrogen is combined with oxygen as water (H 2 O) Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the UNIVERSE!!! Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the UNIVERSE!!!