2. Chapter 24, Section 1: War in Europe Main Idea: When World War I erupted in 1914, the United States remained neutral.

3. A. Causes of the War l Nationalism l Nationalism - pride in one’s country –pitted nation against nation & created rivalries, mistrust & hatred of others France vs. Germany, A-H vs. Russia, etc. l Imperialism l Imperialism - empire building –European nations competed for colonies in Africa, Asia, & Pacific, sometimes resulting in conflict more raw materials & new markets to sell l Militarism l Militarism - building up strong armed forces to prepare for war –created competition & tension –caused large armies & navies When one nation increased its strength, others would follow to “keep up”

4. Nationalism & Militarism

5. Imperialism: European conquest of Africa

6. A Network of Alliances Alliances l Countries in Europe formed alliances to support one another in case of an attack. l Triple Alliance –Germany, Austria-Hungary, & Italy l Triple Entente –France, Britain & Russia l This meant that a minor incident could spark a major war –Countries were now obligated to get involved if one of their members needed help/protection

7. The Alliance System Triple Entente: Triple Alliance: ? Great Britain France Russia Germany Austria-Hungary Italy

8. B. War Breaks Out l The Balkans (SE Europe) became a hot spot due to intense nationalism & heated rivalries in that region. Assassination Sparks a Crisis l Archduke Franz Ferdinand (heir to the throne of Austria -Hungary) and his wife, Sophie, are assassinated by Serbian nationalist Gavrilo Princip (the Black Hand) while in Sarajevo, Bosnia in June 1914. Archduke Franz Ferdinand Alliance Against Alliance l This causes a chain reaction of war declarations because of alliances (a minor incident caused a major war)(a minor incident caused a major war) l This is the “spark” that ignites the “powder keg” of Europe

9. Causes of World War I - Assassination

10. The Assassin: Gavrilo Princip

11. Causes of World War I - M ilitarism – building up strong military forces to prepare for war A lliances - agreements between nations to aid and protect one another N ationalism – pride in or devotion to one’s country I mperialism – when one country takes over another economically & politically A ssassination – murder of Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand MANIAMANIA The Point of No Return: The Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand Austria blamed Serbia for Ferdinand’s death and declared war on Serbia. Germany pledged their support for Austria -Hungary. Russia pledged their support for Serbia. Germany declares war on Russia. France pledges their support for Russia. Germany declares war on France. Germany invades Belgium on the way to France. Great Britain supports Belgium and declares war on Germany.

13. FOOD cafe tater tots. catsup

14. chair lunch cafe

15. The “Great War” Begins l Central Powers –Germany, Austria- Hungary, & Ottoman Empire (Turkey) Bulgaria joins later l Allied Powers –France, Britain, & Russia Italy & 20 others join later, including US & Canada l Triple Alliance becomes Central Powers, Triple Entente becomes Allied Powers (except Italy) l Germany’s plan was to defeat France quickly by going through Belgium, then concentrate on Russia (The Schlieffen Plan) Allied Powers

16. Two Armed Camps! Allied Powers: Central Powers: World War I Begins Nationalism, Imperialism, Militarism Rival Alliances in Europe Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand Great Britain France Germany Austria-Hungary Italy Ottoman Empire

18. C. Trench Warfare l Both sides thought the war would be short. Instead, it dragged on for 4 long, bloody years. –At first it was called the Great War. Later, (after WWII) it was called WWI. l Both sides dug in, creating hundreds of miles of trenches protected by land mines & barbed wire.trenches –This caused a stalemate for 3 years –No Man’s Land - area between trenches –Over the Top - attacks on the enemy across no man’s land (rarely successful)Over the Top –Poisonous gas was used by both sides to slow the enemy. Gas masks were needed l Neither side gained much territory, but both sides lost many lives due to long, drawn-out battles with no gain.

19. Trench WarfareTrench Warfare – type of fighting during WWI in which both sides dug trenches protected by mines & barbed wire Trench Warfare Cross-section of a front-line trench

21. Trench Scenes

23. French soldiers firing over their own dead An aerial photograph of the opposing trenches and no-man's land in Artois, France, 1917. German trenches are at the right and bottom, British trenches are at the top left. The vertical line to the left of centre indicates the course of a pre-war road.

24. Trench Rats "The rats were huge. They were so big they would eat a wounded man if he couldn't defend himself." "I saw some rats running from under the dead men's greatcoats, enormous rats, fat with human flesh. My heart pounded as we edged towards one of the bodies. His helmet had rolled off. The man displayed a grimacing face, stripped of flesh; the skull bare, the eyes devoured and from the yawning mouth leapt a rat." Many men killed in the trenches were buried almost where they fell. These corpses, as well as food scraps that littered trenches, attracted rats. Quotes from soldiers fighting in the trenches: 'Gassed'. Painting by John Singer Sargent, 1918/1919.

25. Officers walking through a flooded communication trench. A photograph of a man suffering from trench foot.

26. A Multi-Front War Western Front Eastern Front

27. D. American Neutrality l Officially, America was neutral, but public opinion was divided along ethnic lines (most favored Allies - Britain) –Most German-, Austrian-, Irish- and Jewish- Americans favored the Central Powers for ethnic/religious reasons Effects of the War l The war caused the American economy to boom due to trade (mostly with the Allies, which causes problems later) l Propaganda-spreading ideas to convince someone to support you & not your enemy (posters, cartoons, etc.) –Both sides tried to convince Americans to take their side in the conflict Submarine Warfare l Germany used U-boats (subs) to attack Allied ships & neutral ships trading with the Allies (including American) l They had warned U.S. to keep ships out of restricted areas (blockade around GB), but U.S. refused to listen, arguing “freedom of the seas.” “Murder on the High Seas” l Germany sunk the Lusitania, a British passenger ship, on May 7, 1915 off the coast of Ireland, killing 1200 people (128 American) –US & Germany agree to Sussex Pledge – German subs had to surface & warn before attacking ships. This merely delayed the inevitable.

28. · However, we traded food, weapons, oil, steel, and other goods far more with the Allied Powers than with the Central Powers. American Neutrality · Officially, the U.S. was a neutral country.

29. Propaganda

32. · However, Britain and Germany set up blockades around the British and German coasts. Freedom of the Seas · The U.S., as a neutral nation, claimed the right to trade with either side in the war.

33. · German submarines, called U-boats, torpedoed enemy ships and neutral ships trading with the enemy.U-boats

34. U-Boats

35. Lusitania