1. 13.1 Ecologists Study Relationships Get warm up off table by phone

2. Ecosystem “Cycles” Write everything that is underlined

3. 13.5 Cycling of Matter Cycling of Materials in Ecosystems

4. 13.5 Cycling of Matter KEY CONCEPT: Matter cycles in and out of an ecosystem. All materials that cycle through living organisms are important in maintaining the health of ecosystems; but four elements are particularly important: water, carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus.

5. 13.5 Cycling of Matter Earth system has four partsEarth system has four parts –Atmosphere- Lithosphere –Hydrosphere - Biosphere  chemical elements are required by life from the living and nonliving parts of the environment. Abiotic and biotic processes drive these cycles between the different parts of the Earth.Abiotic and biotic processes drive these cycles between the different parts of the Earth. Each compound (water, carbon, nitrogen) typically exists in all four parts of the Earth SystemEach compound (water, carbon, nitrogen) typically exists in all four parts of the Earth System

6. 13.5 Cycling of Matter

7. Biogeochemical Cycles The paths of water, carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus pass from the nonliving environment to living organisms; such as trees, and than back to the nonliving environment. These paths form closed circuits, or cycles, called biogeochemical cycles.These paths form closed circuits, or cycles, called biogeochemical cycles.

8. 13.5 Cycling of Matter I. The Water Cycle 1. The hydrologic, or water cycle is the circular pathway of water on Earth. precipitation condensation transpiration evaporation water storage in ocean surface runoff lake groundwater seepage

9. 13.5 Cycling of Matter oceans salt water = 97.5% freshwater = 2.5% ice caps and glaciers 1.97% ground- water 0.5% lakes, rivers, and soil 0.03% atmosphere 0.001%

10. 13.5 Cycling of Matter Water Cycle Water has the greatest influence on the ecosystem’s inhabitants. In this cycle water vapor in the atmosphere condenses and falls to Earth’s surface as precipitation (snow or rain). Some of this water seeps into Earth’s surface (infiltration) and becomes part of groundwater, which is water retained beneath the surface of the Earth.

11. 13.5 Cycling of Matter Water Cycle Most of the remaining water that falls to Earth does not stay on the surface. Instead, heated by the sun, it reenters the atmosphere by evaporation. Much he of water is taken up by the roots of plants. After passing through a plant, the water moves into the atmosphere by evaporating from the leaves, a process called transpiration.

12. 13.5 Cycling of Matter Water Cycle Most of the remaining water that falls to Earth does not stay on the surface. Instead, heated by the sun, it reenters the atmosphere by evaporation. Much he of water is taken up by the roots of plants. After passing through a plant, the water moves into the atmosphere by evaporating from the leaves, a process called transpiration.

13. 13.5 Cycling of Matter

14. 2. Key terms for the water cycle: a.Precipitation: moisture that falls to the ground (rain, snow, sleet, hail) b.Evaporation: changing from liquid to gas (water to water vapor) c.Transpiration: plants give off water vapor from their leaves to the air d.Condensation: changing from gas to a liquid (little water droplets form on the outside of a cold glass of lemonade - that’s condensation)

15. 13.5 Cycling of Matter Carbon Cycle: Remember photosynthesis and respiration both involve CO 2 (now we’re looking at the C for carbon) fossil fuels photosynthesis carbon dioxide dissolved in water decomposition of organisms respirationcarbondioxide in air photosynthesis combustion respiration

16. 13.5 Cycling of Matter Carbon like water also cycles between the biotic and abiotic factors. This cycle moves carbon from the atmosphere, through the food web, and then returns it to the atmosphere. Carbon Cycle Carbon Cycle Carbon is the building block of life. Carbon is the building block of life.

17. 13.5 Cycling of Matter Carbon dioxide in the air Carbon dioxide in the air or dissolved in water is or dissolved in water is used by photosynthesizing used by photosynthesizing plants, algae, and bacteria plants, algae, and bacteria as a raw material to build as a raw material to build organic molecules. organic molecules. Carbon atoms may return to Carbon atoms may return to the pool of carbon dioxide in the pool of carbon dioxide in the air and water in four ways the air and water in four ways –Respiration –Combustion –Decomposition –Erosion Carbon Cycle

18. 13.5 Cycling of Matter Respiration - Organisms use oxygen to oxidize organic molecules (glucose) during cellular respiration. Carbon dioxide is a product of this reaction. Combustion- Carbon is released when wood or fossil fuel is burned Decomposition –Organic tissue and waste are broken down by decomposer and releases carbon in the soil Carbon Cycle Wood and fossil fuels Burning Cellular respiration CO 2 in atmosphere Plants, algae, bacteria Photosynthesis Higher level consumers Primary consumers Decomposers Decomposition Detritivores (soil microbes and others)

19. 13.5 Cycling of Matter The Carbon Cycle: E rosion: Marine organisms use carbon dioxide dissolved in sea water to make calcium carbonate shells.Marine organisms use carbon dioxide dissolved in sea water to make calcium carbonate shells. Over millions of years, the shells of dead organisms form sediments, which form limestone.Over millions of years, the shells of dead organisms form sediments, which form limestone. As the limestone becomes exposed and erodes, the carbon becomes available to other organisms.As the limestone becomes exposed and erodes, the carbon becomes available to other organisms. Carbon cycle

20. 13.5 Cycling of Matter

21. Nitrogen cycle  Nitr ogen (N) is an essential constituent of protein, DNA, RNA, and chlorophyll.  Nitrogen is the most abundant gas in the atmosphere.  Nitrogen must be fixed or converted into a usable form.

22. 13.5 Cycling of Matter Nitrogen cycle Nitrogen is plentiful in the atmosphere as N 2Nitrogen is plentiful in the atmosphere as N 2 –But plants and animals cannot use N 2 Some bacteria in soil and legume root nodules convert N 2 to compounds that plants can use:Some bacteria in soil and legume root nodules convert N 2 to compounds that plants can use: ammonium (NH 4 + ) and nitrate (NO 3 – ) hydrogen to form ammonia.hydrogen to form ammonia.

23. 13.5 Cycling of Matter Figure 32.14A Shoot Nodules Roots Legumes and certain other plants have nodules in their roots that contain nitrogen- fixing bacteriaLegumes and certain other plants have nodules in their roots that contain nitrogen- fixing bacteria

24. 13.5 Cycling of Matter Figure 32.13 ATMOSPHERE N2N2 N2N2 Nitrogen-fixing bacteria Ammonifying bacteria Organic material NH 4 + (ammonium) Nitrifying bacteria NO 3 – (nitrate) Root NH 4 + Amino acids Soil

25. 13.5 Cycling of Matter nitrogen in atmosphere animals denitrifying bacteria nitrifying bacteria nitrifying bacteria ammonium ammonification decomposers plant nitrogen-fixing bacteria in soil nitrogen-fixing bacteria in roots nitrates nitrites 1.The nitrogen cycle mostly takes place underground. 2.Some bacteria convert gaseous nitrogen into ammonia through a process called nitrogen fixation. –Some nitrogen- fixing bacteria live in nodules on the roots of plants; others live freely in the soil. Nitrogen cycle

26. 13.5 Cycling of Matter 3.Ammonia released into the soil is transformed into ammonium. 4.Nitrifying bacteria change the ammonium into nitrate. nitrogen in atmosphere animals denitrifying bacteria nitrifying bacteria nitrifying bacteria ammonium ammonification decomposers plant nitrogen-fixing bacteria in soil nitrogen-fixing bacteria in roots nitrates nitrites –Nitrogen moves through the food web and returns to the soil during decomposition.

27. 13.5 Cycling of Matter geologic uplifting rain weathering of phosphate from rocks runoff sedimentation forms new rocks leaching phosphate in solution animals plants decomposers phosphate in soil V. Phosphate Cycle 1.Phosphate is released by the weathering of rocks. Phosphorus leaches into groundwater from the soil and is locked in sediments. a. Phosphorus leaches into groundwater from the soil and is locked in sediments. b. Both mining and agriculture add phosphorus into the environment.

28. 13.5 Cycling of Matter

29. Activity Draw, label, color, and explain the Carbon and Nitrogen cycles on a sheet of paper.Draw, label, color, and explain the Carbon and Nitrogen cycles on a sheet of paper. Page 414-115 figure 13.14 & 13.15Page 414-115 figure 13.14 & 13.15 Due tomorrowDue tomorrow

30. 13.5 Cycling of Matter II. Oxygen Cycle: 1. Plants make food by photosynthesis 1. Plants make food by photosynthesis –They use carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) to make oxygen (O 2 ) 2. Animals breathe out carbon by respiration 2. Animals breathe out carbon by respiration –They use oxygen (O 2 ) and breathe out carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) –By the way … humans are animals too

31. 13.5 Cycling of Matter Example: Oxygen Cycle:oxygenrespiration carbondioxide photosynthesis

32. 13.5 Cycling of Matter Review Questions 13.5 Cycling of Matter 1.What is the key concept of this unit? 2.Define the key terms for the water cycle. 3.What do plants take in and then give out. What do animals take in and give out? 4.How does the carbon cycle move carbon? 5.Where is carbon emitted? 6.Where does the nitrogen cycle take place 7.What are phosphates released by?