1. Changes of State Sublimation (Deposition): Change from gas directly to a solid or from a solid directly to a gas.

2. Types of Changes of State SOLIDLIQUID GAS Change from solid to liquid. Change from liquid to gas. Change from liquid to solid. Change from gas to liquid.

3. Stored Heat and Changes of State SOLID BASALT LIQUID BASALT THERMAL ENERGY Temperature risesTemperature rises Temperature risesTemperature rises Temperature risesTemperature rises Temperature risesTemperature rises

4. Stored Heat and Change s of State When an object is changing phase, the thermal energy added to it does not increase the temperature of the object. SOLID BASALTLIQUID BASALT THERMAL ENERGY Melting/Solidifi cation In order for an object to change phase from: solid  liquid  gas In order for an object to change phase from: gas  liquid  solid What happens to the thermal energy of the solid basalt when it melts?

5. Stored Heat and Changes of State of Water How long did it take for the water sample to boil? How long was the change of state for the water sample from liquid to gas (vapor)? What happens to the heat energy added to the water sample after 4 minutes into the experiment?

6. Stored Heat and Changes of State of Water Heat gained during vaporization: 2260 J/g Heat released during condensation: 2260 J/g Heat released during freezing: 334 J/g Heat gained during melting: 334 J/g RT = Pg. 1

7. Earth’s Energy Supply: Solar Energy The majority of Earth’s energy comes from the Sun. The sun “radiates” all forms of electromagnetic energy including visible light (greatest intensity). NOTE** Deuterium and Tritium are two forms of hydrogen. The process of nuclear fusion produces a great amount of energy – including the electromagnetic energy that is radiated to Earth.

8. Earth’s Energy Supply: Earth’s Interior Some of Earth’s energy comes from the planet itself. Heat from the Earth can be changed to kinetic energy as mountains are made and volcanoes erupt. The Earth still is generating heat from its own creation some 4.5 billion years ago (Earth’s core). The core is the source of gravity for the planet. Materials being pulled towards the center of the Earth generate energy. Most energy created in Earth’s interior is from nuclear decay or nuclear fission. Today’s nuclear reactors use this same process as an alternative energy source to the burning of fossil fuels.