1. States of Consciousness

2. Levels of Consciousness We know that various levels exists beyond the conscious level. Mere-exposure effect Priming Blind sight

3. Levels of Consciousness Conscious Level Nonconscious Level Preconscious Level Subconscious Level Unconscious Level

4. Conscious preconscious Unconscious

5. Why do we daydream? They can help us prepare for future events. They can nourish our social development. Can substitute for impulsive behavior.

6. Sleep Sleep is a state of consciousness. We are less aware of our surroundings. Biological clock controlled by the Hypothalamus Circadian Rhythm

7. Our 24 hour biological clock. Our body temperature and awareness changes throughout the day. It is best to take a test or study during your circadian peaks. How can the circadian rhythm help explain jet lag? Knee pad light exposure experiment Sunday night insomnia

8. What is melatonin? A hormone produced by pineal gland at night to help you sleep. Sunlight tells your body to stop producing it. Helps regulate circadian rhythms

9. Sleep Cycle Use an EEG machine to measure stages of sleep. When you are the onset of sleep you experience alpha waves. Hypnagogic state Produces mild hallucinations, like a feeling of falling. Click dude for alpha Waves. Click to see an awake brain.

10. Sleep Stages There are 5 identified stages of sleep. It takes about 90-100 minutes to pass through the 5 stages. The brain’s waves will change according to the sleep stage you are in. The first four stages are know as NREM sleep.. The fifth stage is called REM sleep.

11. Stage 1 Kind of awake and kind of asleep. Only lasts a few minutes, and you usually only experience it once a night. Your brain produces Theta Waves. Click the couple to see Theta Waves

12. Stage 2 More Theta Waves that get progressively slower. Begin to show sleep spindles…short bursts of rapid brain waves. Click image to see Stage Two of sleep.

13. Stages 3 and 4 Slow wave sleep. You produce Delta waves. If awoken you will be very groggy. Vital for restoring body’s growth hormones and good overall health. Click boys to see deep sleep. From stage 4, your brain begins to speed up and you go to stage 3, then 2….then ……

14. Stage Three and Four (continued) Contrary to popular belief, it is delta sleep that is the "deepest" stage of sleep (not REM) and the most restorative. It is delta sleep that a sleep-deprived person's brain craves the first and foremost. In children, delta sleep can occupy up to 40% of all sleep time and this is what makes children unawake able or "dead asleep" during most of the night. Sleep walking during This stage.

15. REM Sleep Rapid Eye Movement Often called paradoxical sleep. Brain is very active. (nightmares) Dreams usually occur in REM. Body is essentially paralyzed. REM Rebound Newborns spend more time than adults Click boy dreaming to see REM sleep.

16. REM Rebound The tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation. What will happen if you don’t get a good nights sleep for a week, and then sleep for 10 hours? You will dream a lot.

19. Why do we need sleep? (Two theories) 1.Ecological Niche: back in the day, darkness meant death, those that slept did not go out, thus did not die. Sleep protects us.

20. Sleep helps us recuperate and restores the breakdown of our body.

21. Sleep Disorders

22. Insomnia Persistent problems falling asleep Effects 10% of the population Primary versus Secondary Insomnia

23. Another problem with sleep meds is they cause you to spend too much time in Stage 4 but not enough time in REM

24. Narcolepsy Suffer from sleeplessness and may fall asleep at unpredictable or inappropriate times. Directly into REM sleep Less than.001 % of population. Click above to see Skeeter the narcoleptic dog.

25. Sleep Apnea A person stops breathing during their sleep. Wake up momentarily, gasps for air, then falls back asleep. Very common, especially in heavy males. Can be fatal.

26. Night Terrors Wake up screaming and have no idea why. Not a nightmare. Most common in children (boys) between ages 2-8. Stage 4

27. Somnambulism Sleep Walking Most often occurs during the first few hours of sleeping and in stage 4 (deep sleep). If you have had night terrors, you are more likely to sleep walk when older.

28. Dreams

29. Freud’s Theory of Dreams Dreams are a roadway into our unconscious. Manifest Content (storyline) Latent Content (underlying meaning)

30. Activation-Synthesis Theory Our Cerebral Cortex is trying to interpret random electrical activity we have while sleeping. That is why dreams sometimes make no sense. Biological Theory.

31. Information-Processing Theory Dreams are a way to deal with the stresses of everyday life. We tend to dream more when we are more stressed.

33. Hypnosis

34. Altered state of consciousness? Posthypnotic suggestion Posthypnotic amnesia

35. Hypnotic Theories Role Theory Hypnosis is NOT an altered state of consciousness. Different people have various state of hypnotic suggestibility. A social phenomenon where people want to believe. Work better on people with richer fantasy lives. State Theory Hypnosis is an altered state of consciousness. Dramatic health benefits It works for pain best.

36. Dissociation Theory Theory by Ernest Hilgard. We voluntarily divide our consciousness up. Ice Water Experiment. We have a hidden observer, a level of us that is always aware.

37. Drugs

39. Our brain is protected by a layer of capillaries called the blood-brain barrier. The drugs that are small enough to pass through are called psychoactive drugs.

40. Drugs are either…. Agonists Antagonists Reuptake inhibitors If a drug is used often, a tolerance is created for the drug. Thus you need more of the drug to feel the same effect. If you stop using a drug you can develop withdrawal symptoms.

41. Stimulants Speed up body processes. More powerful ones (like cocaine) give people feelings of invincibility.

42. Depressants Slows down body processes. Alcohol Anxiolytics (barbiturates and tranquilizers)

43. Alcohol More than 86 billion dollars are spent annually on alcoholic beverages. Alcohol is involved in 60% of ALL crimes. Alcohol is involved in over 70% of sexually related crimes. Is it worth the cost?

44. Hallucinogens Psychedelics Causes changes in perceptions of reality LSD, peyote, psilocybin mushrooms and marijuana. Reverse tolerance or synergistic effect

45. Opiates Has depressive and hallucinogenic qualities. Agonist for endorphins. Derived from poppy plant. Morphine, heroin, methadone and codeine. All these drugs cross the placental barrier….teratogens.