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Figure 18.4 Anatomy of a capillary bed.
Vascular shunt Precapillary sphincters Metarteriole Thoroughfare channel True capillaries Terminal arteriole Postcapillary venule Sphincters open—blood flows through true capillaries. Terminal arteriole Postcapillary venule Sphincters closed—blood flows through metarteriole – thoroughfare channel and bypasses true capillaries. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 18.4a Anatomy of a capillary bed.
Vascular shunt Precapillary sphincters Metarteriole Thoroughfare channel True capillaries Terminal arteriole Postcapillary venule Sphincters open—blood flows through true capillaries. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 18.4b Anatomy of a capillary bed.
Terminal arteriole Postcapillary venule Sphincters closed—blood flows through metarteriole – thoroughfare channel and bypasses true capillaries. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Pulmonary blood vessels 12% Systemic arteries and arterioles 15%
Figure Relative proportion of blood volume throughout the cardiovascular system. Pulmonary blood vessels 12% Systemic arteries and arterioles 15% Heart 8% Capillaries 5% Systemic veins and venules 60% © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
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120 Systolic pressure 100 Blood pressure (mm Hg) Mean pressure 80 60
Figure Blood pressure in various blood vessels of the systemic circulation. 120 Systolic pressure 100 Mean pressure 80 Blood pressure (mm Hg) 60 Diastolic pressure 40 20 Aorta Veins Arteries Venules Arterioles Capillaries Venae cavae © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 18.7 The muscular pump.
Venous valve (open) Contracted skeletal muscle Venous valve (closed) Vein Direction of blood flow © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 18.12 Body sites where the pulse is most easily palpated.
Superficial temporal artery Facial artery Common carotid artery Brachial artery Radial artery Femoral artery Popliteal artery Posterior tibial artery Dorsalis pedis artery © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 18.16 Capillary transport mechanisms. (1 of 2)
Pinocytotic vesicles Red blood cell in lumen Endothelial cell Fenestration (pore) Endothelial cell nucleus Basement membrane Tight junction Intercellular cleft © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 18.19 Pulmonary circulation.
capillaries of the R. lung Pulmonary capillaries of the L. lung R. pulmonary artery L. pulmonary artery Pulmonary trunk To systemic circulation R. pulmonary veins From systemic circulation RA LA L. pulmonary veins RV LV Schematic flowchart. Left pulmonary artery Air-filled alveolus of lung Aortic arch Pulmonary trunk Right pulmonary artery Three lobar arteries to right lung Pulmonary capillary Gas exchange Two lobar arteries to left lung Pulmonary veins Pulmonary veins Right atrium Left atrium Right ventricle Left ventricle © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Illustration. The pulmonary arterial system is shown in blue to indicate that the blood it carries is oxygen-poor. The pulmonary venous drainage is shown in red to indicate that the blood it transports is oxygen-rich.
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Figure 18.19a Pulmonary circulation.
capillaries of the R. lung Pulmonary capillaries of the L. lung R. pulmonary artery L. pulmonary artery To systemic circulation Pulmonary trunk R. pulmonary veins From systemic circulation RA LA L. pulmonary veins RV LV © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Schematic flowchart.
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Figure 18.19b Pulmonary circulation.
Left pulmonary artery Air-filled alveolus of lung Aortic arch Pulmonary trunk Right pulmonary artery Three lobar arteries to right lung Pulmonary capillary Gas exchange Two lobar arteries to left lung Pulmonary veins Pulmonary veins Right atrium Left atrium Right ventricle Left ventricle Illustration. The pulmonary arterial system is shown in blue to indicate that the blood it carries is oxygen-poor. The pulmonary venous drainage is shown in red to indicate that the blood it transports is oxygen-rich. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
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© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure Schematic flowchart showing an overview of the systemic circulation. Common carotid arteries to head and subclavian arteries to upper limbs Capillary beds of head and upper limbs Superior vena cava Aortic arch Aorta RA LA RV LV Azygos system Thoracic aorta Venous drainage Arterial blood Inferior vena cava Capillary beds of mediastinal structures and thorax walls Diaphragm Abdominal aorta Capillary beds of digestive viscera, spleen, pancreas, kidneys Inferior vena cava © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Capillary beds of gonads, pelvis, and lower limbs
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Figure 18.21a Major arteries of the systemic circulation.
R. external carotid artery R. internal carotid artery L. external carotid artery L. internal carotid artery R. common carotid – right side of head and neck L. common carotid – left side of head and neck R. vertebral L. vertebral R. axillary R. subclavian – neck and R. upper limb Brachiocephalic – head, neck, and R. upper limb L. subclavian – neck and L. upper limb L. axillary Aortic arch Arteries of L. upper limb Arteries of R. upper limb Ascending aorta – L. ventricle to sternal angle L. and R. coronary arteries Thoracic aorta T5–T12 (diaphragm) L. ventricle of heart Visceral branches Parietal branches Mediastinal – posterior media- stinum Esophageal – esophagus Bronchial – lungs and bronchi Pericardial – pericardium Posterior intercostals – intercostal muscles, spinal cord, vertebrae, pleurae, skin Superior phrenics – posterior and superior diaphragm Diaphragm Abdominal aorta T12 (diaphragm)–L4 Visceral branches Parietal branches Gonadal – testes or ovaries Suprarenal – adrenal glands and Renal – kidneys Superior and inferior mesenterics – small intestine – colon Celiac trunk – liver – gallbladder – spleen – stomach – esophagus – duodenum Inferior phrenics – inferior diaphragm Lumbars – posterior abdominal wall Median sacral – sacrum – coccyx R. common iliac – pelvis and R. lower limb L. common iliac – pelvis and L. lower limb Arteries of R. lower limb Arteries of L. lower limb © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Schematic flowchart
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Figure 18.21b Major arteries of the systemic circulation.
Arteries of the head and trunk Internal carotid artery External carotid artery Arteries that supply the upper limb Common carotid arteries Subclavian artery Vertebral artery Axillary artery Subclavian artery Brachiocephalic trunk Brachial artery Aortic arch Radial artery Ascending aorta Ulnar artery Coronary artery Celiac trunk Deep palmar arch Abdominal aorta Superficial palmar arch Superior mesenteric artery Digital arteries Arteries that supply the lower limb Renal artery Gonadal artery External iliac artery Inferior mesenteric artery Femoral artery Common iliac artery Popliteal artery Internal iliac artery Anterior tibial artery Posterior tibial artery Arcuate artery Illustration, anterior view © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 18.22a Arteries of the head, neck, and brain.
R. and L. anterior cerebral arteries R. Middle cerebral artery Anterior communicat- ing artery Cerebral arterial circle R. and L. Posterior communicat- ing arteries Ophthal- mic artery R. posterior cerebral artery Basilar artery Superficial temporal artery Maxillary artery R. and L. vertebral arteries Occipital artery R. and L. internal carotid arteries Facial artery Lingual artery R. and L. external carotid arteries Superior thyroid artery R. and L. common carotid arteries R. and L. subclavian arteries Brachiocephalic trunk Aortic arch © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Schematic flowchart
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Figure 18.22b–d Arteries of the head, neck, and brain.
Ophthalmic artery Branches of the external carotid artery Basilar artery Vertebral artery • Superficial temporal artery Internal carotid artery • Maxillary artery • Occipital artery External carotid artery • Facial artery • Lingual artery Common carotid artery • Superior thyroid artery Thyrocervical trunk Larynx Costocervical trunk Thyroid gland (overlying trachea) Subclavian artery Clavicle (cut) Axillary artery Brachiocephalic trunk Internal thoracic artery Anterior Arteries of th e head and neck, right aspect Frontal lobe Cerebral arterial circle (circle of Willis) Optic chiasma • Anterior communicating artery Middle cerebral artery • Anterior cerebral artery Internal carotid artery • Posterior communicating artery Mammillary body • Posterior cerebral artery Temporal lobe Basilar artery Vertebral artery Pons Occipital lobe Cerebellum Posterior Colorized arteriograph of the arterial supply of the brain Major arteries serving the brain (inferior view, right side of cerebellum and part of right temporal lobe removed) © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 18.22b Arteries of the head, neck, and brain.
Ophthalmic artery Branches of the external carotid artery Basilar artery Vertebral artery • Superficial temporal artery Internal carotid artery • Maxillary artery • Occipital artery External carotid artery • Facial artery • Lingual artery Common carotid artery • Superior thyroid artery Thyrocervical trunk Larynx Costocervical trunk Thyroid gland (overlying trachea) Subclavian artery Clavicle (cut) Brachiocephalic trunk Axillary artery Internal thoracic artery © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Arteries of the head and neck, right aspect
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Figure 18.22c Arteries of the head, neck, and brain.
Colorized arteriograph of the arterial supply of the brain © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 18.22d Arteries of the head, neck, and brain.
Anterior Cerebral arterial circle (circle of Willis) Frontal lobe Optic chiasma • Anterior communicating artery Middle cerebral artery • Anterior cerebral artery Internal carotid artery • Posterior communicating artery Mammillary body • Posterior cerebral artery Temporal lobe Basilar artery Vertebral artery Pons Occipital lobe Cerebellum Posterior Major arteries serving the brain (inferior view, right side of cerebellum and part of right temporal lobe removed) © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 18.23a Arteries of the right upper limb and thorax.
R. common carotid artery L. common carotid artery R. vertebral artery Thyrocervical trunk L. vertebral artery Suprascapular artery L. subclavian artery R. subclavian artery. Axillary artery Thoracoacromial artery Thoracoacromial artery (pectoral branch) Aortic arch Costocervical trunk Anterior and posterior circumflex humeral arteries Brachiocephalic trunk Internal thoracic artery Brachial artery Anterior intercostal arteries Deep artery of arm Lateral thoracic artery Thoracic aorta Posterior intercostal arteries Subscapular artery Anastomosis Common interosseus artery Radial artery Ulnar artery Deep palmar arch Metacarpal arteries Superficial palmar arch Digital arteries © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Schematic flowchart
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Figure 18.23b Arteries of the right upper limb and thorax.
Vertebral artery Common carotid arteries Thyrocervical trunk Right subclavian artery Costocervical trunk Suprascapular artery Left subclavian artery Thoracoacromial artery Brachiocephalic trunk Axillary artery Subscapular artery Posterior intercostal arteries Posterior circumflex humeral artery Anterior intercostal artery Anterior circumflex humeral artery Internal thoracic artery Brachial artery Deep artery of arm Lateral thoracic artery Thoracic aorta Common interosseous artery Radial artery Ulnar artery Deep palmar arch Superficial palmar arch Digital arteries © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Illustration, anterior view
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Figure 18.24a Arteries of the abdomen.
Diaphragm Abdominal aorta L. gastric artery Inferior phrenic arteries R. gastric artery Common hepatic artery Hepatic artery proper L Celiac trunk Gastro- duodenal artery Splenic artery R R. gastroepiploic artery Middle suprarenal arteries L. gastroepiploic artery Intestinal arteries Middle colic artery Superior mesenteric artery R. colic artery Renal arteries Ileocolic artery Gonadal arteries Sigmoidal arteries Inferior mesenteric artery L. colic artery Superior rectal artery Lumbar arteries Median sacral artery Common iliac arteries © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Schematic flowchart.
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Figure 18.24b Arteries of the abdomen.
Liver (cut) Diaphragm Inferior vena cava Esophagus Celiac trunk Common hepatic artery Left gastric artery Hepatic artery proper Stomach Splenic artery Gastroduodenal artery Left gastroepiploic artery Right gastric artery Spleen Gallbladder Right gastroepiploic artery Pancreas (major portion lies posterior to stomach) Duodenum Superior mesenteric artery Abdominal aorta The celiac trunk and its major branches. The left half of the liver has been removed. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 18.24c Arteries of the abdomen.
Diaphragm Hiatus (opening) for inferior vena cava Inferior phrenic artery Hiatus (opening) for esophagus Adrenal (suprarenal) gland Middle suprarenal artery Celiac trunk Renal artery Kidney Superior mesenteric artery Abdominal aorta Gonadal (testicular or ovarian) artery Lumbar arteries Inferior mesenteric artery Ureter Median sacral artery Common iliac artery Major branches of the abdominal aorta. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 18.24d Arteries of the abdomen.
Celiac trunk Transverse colon Superior mesenteric artery Aorta Branches of the superior mesenteric artery Inferior mesenteric artery • Middle colic artery Branches of the inferior mesenteric artery • Intestinal arteries • Right colic artery • Ileocolic artery • Left colic artery • Sigmoidal arteries Ascending colon • Superior rectal artery Right common iliac artery Ileum Descending colon Cecum Sigmoid colon Appendix Rectum Distribution of the superior and inferior mesenteric arteries. The transverse colon has been pulled superiorly. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 18.25a Arteries of the right pelvis and lower limb.
Abdominal aorta Superior gluteal artery Internal iliac artery Inferior gluteal artery Common iliac artery Internal pudendal Obturator artery Medial circumflex femoral artery Deep artery of thigh External iliac artery Lateral circumflex femoral artery Femoral artery Adductor hiatus Arterial anastomosis Popliteal artery Anterior tibial artery Posterior tibial artery Fibular (peroneal) artery Dorsalis pedis artery Lateral plantar artery Lateral plantar artery Medial plantar artery Arcuate artery Plantar arch Dorsal metatarsal arteries Plantar metatarsal arteries © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Schematic flowchart
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Figure 18.25b–c Arteries of the right pelvis and lower limb.
Common iliac artery Internal iliac artery Superior gluteal artery External iliac artery Deep artery of thigh Lateral circumflex femoral artery Medial circumflex femoral artery Obturator artery Femoral artery Adductor hiatus Popliteal artery Popliteal artery Anterior tibial artery Anterior tibial artery Posterior tibial artery Fibular artery Posterior tibial artery Fibular artery Lateral plantar artery Dorsalis pedis artery (from top of foot) Dorsalis pedis artery Medial plan- tar artery Arcuate artery Plantar arch Dorsal metatarsal arteries Anterior view Posterior view © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 18.25b Arteries of the right pelvis and lower limb.
Common iliac artery Internal iliac artery Superior gluteal artery External iliac artery Deep artery of thigh Lateral circumflex femoral artery Medial circumflex femoral artery Obturator artery Femoral artery Adductor hiatus Popliteal artery Anterior tibial artery Posterior tibial artery Fibular artery Dorsalis pedis artery Arcuate artery Dorsal metatarsal arteries © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Anterior view
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Figure 18.25c Arteries of the right pelvis and lower limb.
Popliteal artery Anterior tibial artery Fibular artery Posterior tibial artery Lateral plantar artery Dorsalis pedis artery (from top of foot) Medial plantar artery Plantar arch © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Posterior view
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Figure 18.26a Major veins of the systemic circulation.
R. upper limb R. external jugular – superficial head and neck R. vertebral – cervical spinal cord and vertebrae Intracranial dural venous sinuses R. internal jugular – dural venous sinuses of the brain R. subclavian – R. head, neck, and upper limb R. axillary Same as R. brachiocephalic R. brachiocephalic – R. side of head and R. upper limb L. brachiocephalic – L. side of head and L. upper limb Superior vena cava – runs from union of brachiocephalic veins behind manubrium to R. atrium Azygos system – drains much of thorax R. atrium of heart Diaphragm Inferior vena cava – runs from junction of common iliac veins at L5 to R. atrium of heart L., R., and middle hepatic veins – liver R. suprarenal (L. suprarenal drains into L. renal vein) – adrenal glands L. and R. renal veins – kidneys R. gonadal (L. gonadal drains into L. renal vein) – testis or ovary Lumbar veins (several pairs) – posterior abdominal wall R. common iliac – pelvis and R. lower limb L. common iliac – pelvis and L. lower limb Veins of R. lower limb Veins of L. lower limb © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Schematic flowchart.
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Figure 18.26b Major veins of the systemic circulation.
Veins of the head and trunk Dural venous sinuses Veins that drain the upper limb External jugular vein Vertebral vein Subclavian vein Internal jugular vein Axillary vein Right and left brachiocephalic veins Cephalic vein Brachial vein Superior vena cava Basilic vein Great cardiac vein Hepatic veins Splenic vein Median cubital vein Hepatic portal vein Ulnar vein Renal vein Radial vein Superior mesenteric vein Inferior mesenteric vein Digital veins Inferior vena cava Common iliac vein Veins that drain the lower limb Internal iliac vein External iliac vein Femoral vein Great saphenous vein Popliteal vein Posterior tibial vein Anterior tibial vein Small saphenous vein Dorsal venous arch Dorsal metatarsal veins © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Illustration, anterior view. The vessels of the pulmonary circulation are not shown.
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Figure 18.27a Venous drainage of the head, neck, and brain.
Superior sagittal sinus Inferior sagit- tal sinus Superficial temporal vein Straight sinus Ophthalmic vein Occipital vein Transverse sinus Cavernous sinus Facial vein Posterior auricular vein Sigmoid sinus Internal jugular vein External jugular vein Superior thyroid vein Vertebral vein Middle thyroid vein Brachiocephalic veins Subclavian vein Superior vena cava Schematic flowchart © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 18.27b–c Venous drainage of the head, neck, and brain.
Ophthalmic vein Superficial temporal vein Facial vein Occipital vein Posterior auricular vein External jugular vein Vertebral vein Internal jugular vein Superior and middle thyroid veins Brachiocephalic vein Subclavian vein Superior vena cava Veins of the head and neck, right superficial aspect Superior sagittal sinus Falx cerebri Inferior sagittal sinus Straight sinus Cavernous sinus Transverse sinuses Sigmoid sinus Jugular foramen Right internal jugular vein Dural venous sinuses of the brain © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 18.27b Venous drainage of the head, neck, and brain.
Ophthalmic vein Superficial temporal vein Facial vein Occipital vein Posterior auricular vein External jugular vein Vertebral vein Internal jugular vein Superior and middle thyroid veins Brachiocephalic vein Subclavian vein Superior vena cava Veins of the head and neck, right superficial aspect © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 18.27c Venous drainage of the head, neck, and brain.
Superior sagittal sinus Falx cerebri Inferior sagittal sinus Straight sinus Cavernous sinus Transverse sinuses Sigmoid sinus Jugular foramen Right internal jugular vein Dural venous sinuses of the brain © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 18.28a Veins of the thorax and right upper limb.
Subclavian vein Internal jugular vein External jugular vein Brachiocephalic veins Axillary vein Superior vena cava Accessory hemiazygos vein Median cubital vein Brachial vein Azygos vein Hemiazygos vein Right and left posterior intercostal veins Cephalic vein Median antebrachial vein Basilic vein Radial vein Ulnar vein Deep venous palmar arch Metacarpal veins Superficial venous palmar arch Digital veins © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Schematic flowchart
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Figure 18.28b Veins of the thorax and right upper limb.
Brachiocephalic veins Internal jugular vein Right subclavian vein External jugular vein Left subclavian vein Axillary vein Brachial vein Superior vena cava Cephalic vein Azygos vein Accessory hemiazygos vein Basilic vein Hemiazygos vein Posterior intercostals Inferior vena cava Median cubital vein Ascending lumbar vein Median antebrachial vein Basilic vein Cephalic vein Ulnar vein Radial vein Deep venous palmar arch Superficial venous palmar arch Digital veins Anterior view © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 18.29a Veins of the abdomen.
Inferior vena cava Inferior phrenic veins Cystic vein Hepatic veins Hepatic portal system Hepatic portal vein Superior mesenteric vein Splenic vein Suprarenal veins Inferior mesenteric vein Renal veins Gonadal veins Lumbar veins R. ascending lumbar vein L. ascending lumbar vein Common iliac veins External iliac vein Internal iliac veins © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Schematic flowchart.
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Figure 18.29b–c Veins of the abdomen.
Inferior phrenic vein Hepatic veins Inferior vena cava Left suprarenal vein Right suprarenal vein Renal veins Left ascending lumbar vein Right gonadal vein Lumbar veins Left gonadal vein Common iliac vein External iliac vein Internal iliac vein Tributaries of the inferior vena cava. Venous drainage of abdominal organs not drained by the hepatic portal vein. Hepatic veins Gastric veins Liver Spleen Inferior vena cava Hepatic portal vein Splenic vein Right gastroepiploic vein Inferior mesenteric vein Superior mesenteric vein Small intestine Large intestine Rectum © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. The hepatic portal circulation.
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Figure 18.29b Veins of the abdomen.
Inferior phrenic vein Hepatic veins Inferior vena cava Left suprarenal vein Right suprarenal vein Renal veins Left ascending lumbar vein Right gonadal vein Lumbar veins Left gonadal vein Common iliac vein External iliac vein Internal iliac vein Tributaries of the inferior vena cava. Venous drainage of abdominal organs not drained by the hepatic portal vein. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 18.29c Veins of the abdomen.
Hepatic veins Gastric veins Liver Spleen Inferior vena cava Hepatic portal vein Splenic vein Right gastroepiploic vein Inferior mesenteric vein Superior mesenteric vein Small intestine Large intestine Rectum The hepatic portal circulation. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 18.30 Veins of the right lower limb.
Common iliac vein Internal iliac vein External iliac vein Inguinal ligament Femoral vein Internal iliac vein Inferior vena cava Great saphenous vein (superficial) Common iliac vein External iliac vein Great saphenous vein Femoral vein Femoral vein Great saphenous vein Popliteal vein Popliteal vein Small saphenous vein Anterior tibial vein Popliteal vein Small saphenous vein Small saphenous vein Fibular vein Fibular vein Small saphenous vein (superficial) Anterior tibial vein Anterior tibial vein Fibular (peroneal) vein Fibular (peroneal) vein Dorsalis pedis vein Posterior tibial vein Posterior tibial vein Dorsal Venous arch Plantar veins Plantar veins Dorsal venous arch Dorsalis pedis vein Deep plantar arch Dorsal metatarsal veins Deep plantar arch Dorsal metatarsal veins Digital veins Digital veins Anterior Posterior © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Schematic flowchart of the anterior and posterior veins Anterior view Posterior view
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Figure 18.30a Veins of the right lower limb.
Internal iliac vein Inferior vena cava Common iliac vein External iliac vein Femoral vein Femoral vein Great saphenous vein Popliteal vein Small saphenous vein Small saphenous vein Anterior tibial vein Fibular (peroneal) vein Fibular (peroneal) vein Posterior tibial vein Plantar veins Dorsal venous arch Dorsalis pedis vein Deep plantar arch Dorsal metatarsal veins Digital veins Anterior Posterior © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Schematic flowchart of the anterior and posterior veins
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Figure 18.30b Veins of the right lower limb.
Common iliac vein Internal iliac vein External iliac vein Inguinal ligament Femoral vein Great saphenous vein (superficial) Popliteal vein Small saphenous vein Fibular vein Anterior tibial vein Dorsalis pedis vein Dorsal venous arch Dorsal metatarsal veins © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Anterior view
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Figure 18.30c Veins of the right lower limb.
Great saphenous vein Popliteal vein Anterior tibial vein Fibular vein Small saphenous vein (superficial) Posterior tibial vein Plantar veins Deep plantar arch Digital veins © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Posterior view
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