1. Abraham Maslow (1908-1970) Humanistic-Existential Paradigm Self-actualization Theory

2. Maslow’s Assumptions  Human nature is basically good, not evil  Normal human development involves the actualization of this inherent goodness

3. Central Human Motive Self-Actualization

4. Maslow’s Assumptions...  Psychopathology results from the frustration of a human being’s essential nature

5.  Self-Actualization  Esteem  Love  Safety  Physiological Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

6. PHYSIOLOGICAL OR SURVIVAL NEEDS MOST NEEDS HAVE TO DO WITH SURVIVAL PHYSICALLY AND PSYCHOLOGICALLY

7. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs PHYSIOLOGICAL OR SURVIVAL NEEDS SAFETY NEEDS ON THE WHOLE AN INDIVIDUAL CANNOT SATISFY ANY LEVEL UNLESS NEEDS BELOW ARE SATISFIED

8. Safety Needs  from physical attack  from emotional attack  from fatal disease  from invasion  from extreme losses (job, family members, home, friends)

9. Safety: A Most Powerful Need  when frightened, our thoughts and energies are diverted  threat of, or actual attack creates “fight or flight” reaction  threats to safety can be physical or emotional

10. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs PHYSIOLOGICAL OR SURVIVAL NEEDS SAFETY NEEDS LOVE, AFFECTION, AND BELONGINGNESS NEEDS

11. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs PHYSIOLOGICAL OR SURVIVAL NEEDS SAFETY NEEDS LOVE, AFFECTION, AND BELONGINGNESS NEEDS ESTEEM NEEDS

12. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs SELF-ACTUALIZATION NEEDFOR MASLOW EMPHASIZES NEED FOR SELF ACTUALIZATION IS ACTUALIZATION IS A HEALTHY INDIVIDUAL’S PRIME MOTIVATION

13. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs SELF-ACTUALIZATION NEEDFOR MASLOW EMPHASIZES NEED FOR SELF ACTUALIZATION IS ACTUALIZATION IS A HEALTHY INDIVIDUAL’S PRIME MOTIVATION SELF-ACTUALIZATION MEANS ACTUALIZING ONE’S POTENTIAL BECOMING ALL ONE IS CAPABLE OF BECOMING

14. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs PHYSIOLOGICAL OR SURVIVAL NEEDS SAFETY NEEDS LOVE, AFFECTION, AND BELONGINGNESS NEEDS ESTEEM NEEDS SELF- ACTUALIZATION NEED

15. but we can nearly all do more than we think we can Nobody can do everything,

16. PHYSIOLOGICAL-necessary for life; unmet, these needs lead to death  Food  Water  Oxygen  Sleep  Protection from extreme temperatures  Elimination  Sensory needs  Motor needs

17. SAFETY/SECURITY  The need to be free from anxiety and fear  The need to be secure in the environment  The need for order and routine

18. LOVE AND AFFECTION  Social acceptance, friendship, to be loved  Need to belong, to relate to others  Sexuality -a person’s feelings/attitude toward their masculine/feminine nature  Sexuality -the ability to give and receive love and affection -reproductive capabilities

19. ESTEEM  Feeling important and worthwhile – includes respect, approval, appreciation  We engage in activities that bring achievement, success, and recognition  We gain self-confidence and begin to direct our actions toward becoming what we WANT to be

20. SELF-ACTUALIZATION  Self-realization; obtaining our full potential; becoming confident, eager to express our beliefs, and willing to reach out to others to help them

21. To meet our human needs  We usually learn what works by trial-and-error  Direct methods v. Indirect methods  Stress reactions  Challenges and responsibilities

22. DIRECT METHODS  Hard work  Setting realistic goals  Cooperating with others  Evaluating effectively

23. INDIRECT METHODS  Suppression  Projection  Denial  Rationalization  Compensation  *Note: These are unhealthy when used too often, but sometimes allows us to cope!

24. When defense mechanisms are inadequate, stress reactions develop:  Chronic complaining and demanding behavior  Agitation with manipulative behavior  Restlessness  Sleeplessness  Depression-be alert for potential suicide  Withdrawal

25. The 17 Metaneeds  Truth  Goodness  Beauty  Wholeness  Dichotomy-transcendence  Aliveness  Uniqueness  Perfection  Necessity

26. The 17 Metaneeds.....  Completion  Justice  Order  Simplicity  Richness  Effortlessness  Playfulness  Self-sufficiency

27. Maslow’s Definition of a Self-actualized Person  Has no mental illness  Satisfied in basic needs  Fully exploited talents  Motivated by values

28. Some Characteristics of Self-actualizing persons  Superior perception of reality  Increased acceptance of self, of others, and of nature  Increased spontaneity  Increased detachment and desire for privacy  Greater freshness of appreciation and richness of emotional reaction

29. Some Characteristics of Self-actualizing persons.....  Increased autonomy and resistance to conformity  Higher frequency of peak experiences  Increased identification with the human species  Improved interpersonal experiences  More democratic character structure  High levels of creativity