1. 4. 2 Notes: Greek Geography and City-States

2. Understand how geography influenced the Greek city-states. Define the three types of government that developed in the Greek city-states. Explain how Sparta and Athens differed. Describe the culture and values shared by Greeks. Objectives

3. Ancient civilization in Greece was shaped by its unique geography. Mountains created isolated valleys. Hundreds of rocky islands extended from the coast. Rather than a unified empire, the Greeks built independent city-states cut off from one another by mountains or water. Rivalries between city-states often led to war.

4. The Greeks traded throughout the eastern Mediterranean region. Population growth led Greeks to build colonies overseas. The sea was a link to the outside world. Greeks became skilled sailors.

5. The acropolis had temples devoted to gods and goddesses. The main city contained the marketplace, public buildings, and homes. The citizens, or free residents, of cities shared responsibilities and debated ideas. Male landowners held all of the political power. Greeks built cities on two levels, with an acropolis on the top of a hill and a walled main city below.

6. Different forms of government evolved in Greece between 750 B.C. and 500 B.C. Aristocracy: Power shifted to a class of noble landowners. In time, this became a hereditary ruling class. Oligarchy: In some city- states, a small, wealthy elite of merchants, farmers, and artisans gained power. Monarchy: A hereditary ruler exercised central power.

7. Iron weapons replaced bronze weapons. Since iron was cheaper, ordinary citizens could afford swords, shields, and helmets. As a result, the power of the middle class increased. Soldiers trained to fight in close formation in a phalanx. This shared training gave citizen-soldiers a sense of unity. As forms of government evolved, new warfare methods also emerged.

8. Phalanx warfare put the defense of a city-state into the hands of ordinary citizens. At the same time, it led to two influential city-states developing different ways of life. Sparta stressed military virtues and strong discipline. Athens glorified the individual and extended rights to more citizens.

9. Boys began military training at age seven. They lived in army barracks until age 30. Both men and women were required to exercise and develop strength. Women could inherit property and managed the household while men were at war. Trade, wealth, and art were not considered to be important. In Spartan warrior society:

10. Pisistratus helped farmers and the poor. He gave ordinary citizens a larger role in government. Cliesthenes made the assembly a legislature. All male citizens were expected to participate. Athens moved slowly toward democracy. Solon made reforms, including opening high offices to more citizens. Democracy in Athens was limited, but the people had more of a voice than in any other ancient civilization.

11. Athenian women could not take part in government but played a role in public religion. Women participated in sacred processions and ceremonies. Well-to-do women managed their homes and were not seen in public. Poorer women worked outside the home.

12. Athenian boys learned how to read and write the Greek language. Roman, and eventually English, characters evolved from the Greek alphabet. Wealthy boys also studied music, poetry, and public speaking.

13. Despite divisions among city-states, all Greeks did share a common culture. They spoke the same language. They prayed to the same gods, including Zeus. They participated in common festivals, including the Olympic games. They shared a sense of superiority over foreigners.

14. How did government and culture develop as Greek city-states grew? Ancient Greeks absorbed ideas from older civilizations and developed their own unique ideas as well. They developed new ways to best govern each polis.

15. Terms and People polis – a city-state in ancient Greece acropolis – section of a city at a higher elevation with great marble temples dedicated to deities citizen – free resident of a city-state monarchy – a government in which a hereditary ruler exercises central power aristocracy – rule by a hereditary landholding elite

16. Terms and People (continued) oligarchy – a form of government in which power is in the hands of a small, wealthy elite phalanx – a massive tactical formation of heavily armed foot soldiers Sparta – a city-state built by the Dorians in which daily life was ruled by military discipline Athens – a Greek city-state that moved slowly toward democracy

17. Terms and People (continued) democracy – government by the people tyrant – a ruler who gained power by force legislature – a lawmaking body