1. www.soran.edu.iq 1

2. Layers of the Atmosphere Meteorology \ Dr. Mazin sherzad

3. www.soran.edu.iq Chapter 3 3 ) Air Pressure, Density, and Temperature Structure 3.1. Air Pressure and Density Structure: 3.2. Temperature and Processes affecting Temperature 4) Atmospheric Hazards

4. www.soran.edu.iq P = F/A where P = pressure [N/m 2 or mb], F = force [N] A = area [m 2 ]

5. www.soran.edu.iq Density of air is mass of air per unit volume of air: ρ = M/V where ρ = density [kg/m 3 ] M = mass [kg] V = volume [m 3 ].

6. www.soran.edu.iq Temperature is proportional to the average kinetic energy of an air molecule constant x T = ½ x M x v 2 where T = temperature M = average mass of one air molecule v = average speed of an air molecule

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8. ATMOSPHERIC HAZARDS Atmospheric hazards include things such as oxygen deficiencies, dusts, chemical vapors, welding fumes, fogs, and mists that can interfere with the bodies ability to transport and utilize oxygen, or that have negative toxicological effects on the human body. The most common atmospheric hazards associated with confined spaces are:  Oxygen Deficiency  Oxygen Displacement  Flammable Atmospheres  Toxic Gases

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10. Homework