1. PLANTS – DAY 4 REPRODUCTIVE MECHANISMS

2. NATURAL REPRODUCTION – SEED PLANTS  Seed plants are called ___________________, a subdivision of vascular plants  Seed plants have roots, stems, and leaves exhibiting a huge variety of textures, sizes, shapes odours and colours; they are the most recently evolved plant group  Have ______________ _______________ that are NOT dependent on ___________; all ________ ensure survival of embryos by reducing excessive water loss

3. SEED PLANTS  Seed plants have separate male and female ________________________ tissue  2 types of spermatophytes – ________________________ produce unprotected “naked” seeds in conelike structures (conifers) and ________________________ produce seeds that are enclosed and protected inside a fruit, formed by various flower parts  We’ll look at angiosperms

4. ANGIOSPERM ANATOMY  ______: female part of flower  ________: male part of flower  Pollination occurs when _________(contains sperm cells)from anther goes to the _______(wind/insects)  _________________________- transfer of pollen from anther to stigma on same flower  _________________________– transfer of pollen from anther to stigma on different flowers

5. ANGIOSPERM REPRODUCTION Pollen grains travel down pollen tube into an _________in an ovary Fertilization occurs when pollen grains (n) fuse with an egg (n) in the ovule to form a diploid _________ Zygote grows by ____________to form an embryo, and the embryo remains inside the ovule The ovule is called a ___________ now that there is an embryo inside the ovule

6. SEED DEVELOPMENT  While changes occur in the seed, the ovary are developing into a __________, which provides ______________ for seeds and often helps secure dispersal of the seeds  As time goes by, mature fruit falls; under suitable conditions, fruit decomposes, seed coat splits, and ______________ occurs – embryo grows quickly and is called a _____________ SEED EMBRYO

7. GERMINATION OF SEEDS  A seed consists of an ___________, _________ to provide nutrients for the embryo, and a protective _________________  A growing embryo slowly forms a root and shoot structure  Cotyledons often contain all nutrients needed for embryo OR there may be additional nutrient-rich material called ________________

8. GERMINATION OF SEEDS  When temperature and moisture conditions are optimum, seeds start to __________________  Seed and seed coat absorb water, embryo grows rapidly  Seed coat ruptures and __________and ____________ emerge  Root absorbs water and nutrients and grows downward, shoot grows upward  Nutrients stored in endosperm and/or cotyledons support development until new plant has enough root surface area

10. ARTIFICIAL PROPAGATION A: CUTTINGS  ______________________________: is a method of asexual propagation in which new plants are produced and multiplied by the use of parts and buds of the selected mother plants and employing several methods as cuttings, layering, grafting and budding  Parts of plants are _______ from a _________ _______ and inserted into water, sand, soil-less mixes, or many possible combinations thereof, where they form roots and become new plants  Cuttings are ________________ either according to the plant parts used - as roots, stems, or leaves

11. CUTTINGS ROOT CUTTINGLEAF CUTTING STEM CUTTING

12. ARTIFICIAL PROPAGATION B: GRAFTNG  Grafting encompasses any process whereby a part (called the ___________) taken from one plant, is made to unite with and grow upon another plant or part of a plant (called the ______________).  The scion may be a single bud, a piece of stem (as of a cactus), or a fragment of root of a desirable variety.  The scion and stock are tied into place  Sealed with grafting wax, tape, or paraffin, to prevent the evaporation of available moisture.  As the two parts of a graft grow together they are said to form a “___________’’.  To graft 2 organisms (plant), they must be of the same _____________

13. GRAFTING SCION ROOTSTOCK

14. DID YOU KNOW?  John Macintosh discovered an apple tree in 1811in Dundas County, Ontario- _____________________!!  Mac seeds were saved and planted, but offspring always were a disappointment – inferior apples  Scions from Mac tree attached to other root stocks from different apple trees in 1835  All tissues, including the fruit, _____________________ are genetically identical to Mac tree, resulting trees produced desired apples!  ALL Macintosh apples sold today come from grafts of the original tree found