1. The Late Middle Ages (ca. 1300-1500)

2. The Church and Christianity Pope Boniface VIII (r. 1294-1303) Limits of Papal Power Limits of Papal Power –King Philip taxed French clergy  Boniface VIII protested  King’s response: economic pressure –Philip arrested bishop for treason  Boniface outraged  King’s agents invaded papal palace  Boniface died soon after –Papacy now weaker than monarchs

3. The Church and Christianity Tomb of Pope Gregory XI, Church of S. Francesca Romana, Rome The “Babylonian Captivity” (1309-1377) The “Babylonian Captivity” (1309-1377) –French pope elected to papacy –Moved to Avignon (1309)  French popes  Corruption? –Many unhappy Christians in Western Europe –Papacy returned to Rome (1377)

4. The Church and Christianity The Great Western Schism (1378-1417) – –Returning pope died (1378) – –Turbulent election  new, Italian pope – –Dissatisfaction  schism   Two popes!   Spiritual and political crisis! – –Council of Pisa (1409)   Deposed both popes, elected new one   Unsuccessful  3 popes!

5. The Church and Christianity Late Medieval Heresy Late Medieval Heresy –JOHN WYCLIF (ca. 1330-84)  Advocated state role in church matters  Bible!  Criticized transubstantiation –Lollards –JAN HUS (ca. 1370-1415)  Influenced by Wyclif  Preacher  Critical of church hierarchy and “abuses” John Wyclif

6. The Church and Christianity The Council of Constance (1414-17) The Council of Constance (1414-17) –Summoned by emperor –Response to Heresy  Hus tried, condemned (1415)  Wyclif’s remains destroyed –Schism resolved  Three rival popes deposed  Martin V elected Execution of Hus

7. The Church and Christianity Roettgen Pietá Early 14th cent. Late Medieval Mysticism Late Medieval Mysticism –Mysticism: spirituality seeking intimacy with God –Very common among women –Increased devotional literature –Increased focus on Passion of Christ, devotion to Virgin Mary

8. The Church and Christianity The Seven Sacraments The Seven Sacraments –Essential to salvation –Performed by clergy alone –The Sacraments  Baptism  Confirmation  Penance  Eucharist  Ordination  Marriage  Last Rites

9. The Church and Christianity Questions? Questions?

10. Society and Economy Population growth  overpopulation (14 th cent.) Population growth  overpopulation (14 th cent.) –Less land to cultivate –Wages decreased –Famines

11. Society and Economy The Black Death (1347-1350) The Black Death (1347-1350) –Deadliest disaster of Late Middle Ages –Nature of the plague  Epidemic  Spread rapidly, contagious  Noticeable, painful symptoms  Very quick death

12. Society and Economy The Plague’s Origins The Plague’s Origins –Began in Far East, traveled westward along trade routes –Carried by fleas on infected rats –Arrived in Europe at Mediterranean ports

13. Society and Economy The Black Death The Black Death –Cause debated –Why??? –Aftermath  Death of up to 1/2 of Europe’s population  Obsession with death  Recurred until 18 th century

14. Society and Economy Economics in Italy Economics in Italy –Trade  Location  focal point  Contact between Europe and East –Banking  Lots of bankers  MEDICI –Florence –Bank founded 1397 Medici Bank

15. Society and Economy The Hanseatic League Northern Economics Northern Economics –Numerous financial centers –Hanseatic League  Competition for Italians  Conglomeration of 100+ northern mercantile cities –Wool industry

16. Society and Economy Questions? Questions?

17. Political Issues The Fall of Constantinople The Fall of Constantinople –Byzantine Empire threatened by Turks –Siege of Constantinople (1453)  Walls breached  City taken May 29, 1453  Became Istanbul –Ottoman Empire: threat to Western Europe Siege of Constantinople

18. Political Issues The Hundred Years War (1337-1453): Causes The Hundred Years War (1337-1453): Causes –Last Capetian monarch died (1328) – who succeeds?  English king was a relation  Philip VI elected by French nobility  Neither candidate conceded claims  war! –English claims to French lands

19. Political Issues The War: Initial English Success The War: Initial English Success –Strategy: raids –New technology  Longbows  Cannons –Territorial gains! –English king: new heir to throne (1420) Battle of Créçy (1346)

20. Political Issues

21. Siege of Orléans France Strikes Back France Strikes Back –JOAN OF ARC (1412-1431)  Teenage peasant, mystic  Claimed mission from God (1428)  Promised French heir –France rebounded –Joan captured, sold to English  burned at stake (May 1431)

22. Political Issues Ultimate French Victory Ultimate French Victory –Northern France reconquered –English driven out by 1453

23. Political Issues Ferdinand and Isabella Spain: Ferdinand and Isabella Spain: Ferdinand and Isabella –Unified Spanish crown  Ferdinand: heir of Aragon, Catalonia  Isabella: heir of Castile –Married (1469) –Completed Reconquista (1492)

24. Political Issues

25. Ferdinand and Isabella Religion in Spain Religion in Spain –Fervent Catholicism –Expulsions  Muslims (1504)  Jews (1492) –SPANISH INQUISITION (1478)  Tool of State  Principal goal: attack “judaizing” traditions among conversos

26. Political Issues Questions? Questions?