1. Theories of Humor LAUGH TRACK

2. Questions  What is Humor?  What makes something funny?  Where does humor come from?  Does humor serve some purpose?  Is humor natural or cultural or personal… or all of ‘em?

3. Dissection and Destruction E. B. White: “Humor can be dissected, as a frog can, but the thing dies in the process and the innards are discouraging to any but the pure scientific mind.” Joss?

4. What Can We Learn?  How we work.  How we are manipulated.  How our ideas and feelings are shaped by artists, politicians, culture.  How culture affects us.  How we can produce humor. So…

5. Psychological Theories of Humor Apart from tickling, we laugh because of thought. Humor then, is a mental phenomenon. To explain humor or learn something from it, we want to understand how it works in our brains. Let’s start with Freud.

6. Sigmund Freud – 1856 - 1939 “Father of Psychoanalysis  Layers of Consciousness  Unconscious  Preconscious  Conscious  Structure of Personality  Id (instinct)  Ego (reason)  Superego (morality)

7. A Bestiary of Mental Anguish When layers of personality don’t work well together (the conscious doesn’t want to hear what the unconscious has to say) or when a personality doesn’t develop normally (gets stuck in the Id, for example), anxieties and defense mechanisms arise. Examples: Projection – the ego assigns unacceptable characteristics or thoughts to others rather than admitting them as one’s own. Rationalization – unreasonable and unacceptable thoughts and behaviors are made to sound reasonable after the fact by giving them manufactured explanations. Identification – when another individual appears to be a threat, the ego may ease this fear by incorporating the characteristics of that person. Repression – the ego blocks information from consciousness, either by not allowing it to rise out of unconscious or by forcing it back into the unconscious. This should not be confused with suppression, which is a conscious process. It is also to be distinguished from denial, in which the ego obliterates the potentially anxiety-producing material.

8. A Bestiary of Mental Anguish 2 Fixation occurs when libidinal energy is inappropriately (either because it is exaggerated or because it is anachronistic) devoted to a psychosexual stage, and too little or too much gratification can result in fixation. The psychosexual stages are:  Oral Stage – roughly the first year of life, when pleasure is mainly derived from the mouth.  Anal Stage – from age 1 to about age 2½, when pleasure is mainly derived from the anus.  Phallic Stage – from around age 2½ to around age 6, when pleasure is obtained from masturbation and accompanying fantasies.  Genital Stage – post puberty. Self gratification of the three pre-genital stages turn outward. Displacement – the most useful and widespread mechanism, displacement occurs when instinctual energy (libido) is directed away from its most immediate satisfaction and given another outlet.

9. Okay, so how does psychology help here? In studying humor through a psychological lens, we hope to gain psychological insight. So a psychological analysis of something humorous can do one of several things: 1. It can explain why someone is behaving as they are – in a humorous way. (A character inappropriately exhibits Id behavior, for example.) 2. It explains why the humor works due to it’s psychological contents. (Explaining a joke is funny because it exhibits repression, for example.) Or, 3. It explains something about the psychology of the people (or culture) who find the humor funny. (We’ve all rationalized just like that character.) For Freud, humor is akin to dreams and parapraxis (Freudian slips), a window into the unconscious, telling us about our suppressed and repressed desires, our fixations, our rationalizations, etc.. It is important to remember, however, that like dreams, jokes are coded, often symbolic messages that we must untangle. This isn’t straightforward stuff.

10. Okay, but what makes the humor… humorous? When hidden things are revealed there is a release of tension and a feeling of relief, often experienced as laughter. Technically, humor “…liberate(s) the energy expended by rationality to repress both infantile nonsense and tendentious feelings.” (Freud, Jokes…) So if something was funny, it was funny because there was tension released. What was that tension; what caused it? Figure that out and you’ve got yourself a bona fide psychological insight!

11. Freud’s “Jokes and Their Relation to the Unconscious” “the comic arises… as an unintended discovery derived from human social relations. It is found in people – in their movements, forms, actions, and traits of character.” An important characteristic of humor is that it reveals something that is hidden. This is why surprise is often a component. More importantly, it means that humor depends on insight. At the heart of something humorous is something serious. Of particular interest to Freud:  Caricature “brings about degradation by emphasizing in the general impression given by the exalted object a single trait which is comic in itself but was bound to be overlooked.”  Parody “achieves. the degradation of something exalted… by destroying the unity that exists between people’s characters as we know them and their speeches and actions.” (Hypocrisy)  Tendentious Jokes and humor express hidden impulses, usually of a sexual or aggressive nature. The release of tension here is also the recognition that we all have these impulses and repress them.

12. Newer Psychological Theories  A number of psychological theories of humor have grown out of Freud’s work. Not all of them announce that they are psychological  HURL & Benign Violations  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ysSgG5V-R3U https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ysSgG5V-R3U

13. Uses So what do you do with psychological theories of humor? Well, you use psychology to gain insight into the humorous situation, then you:  Explain something about the artwork.  This film repeatedly presents characters who regress and act on Id impulses.  Explain something about the artist.  This playwright repeatedly uses anally fixated characters for comic effect.  Explain something about the audience.  The audience reaction to the parody in this film shows that they recognize the hypocrisy of the president.  Explain something about the culture.  The benign violation theory shows that the ethnic humor in this play works because the ethnic stereotypes are no longer culturally valid.  Explain something about human nature.  The popularity of this film and it’s violent humor is evidence that all humans repress aggressiveness – and know it.