1. Lecture 12 Implementation Issues with Polymorphism

2. Memory Allocation Consider the code Consider the code class Person{ public: virtual void f(); private: Name n; } class Professor: public Person{ public: virtual void f(); private: Classes c; } Person per; Professor prof;

3. Allocation The assignment per = prof in C++ (remember, this is an object assignment) slices the extra fields off. The assignment per = prof in C++ (remember, this is an object assignment) slices the extra fields off.  The field c is gone  For members use static binding:  per.f(); //accesses Person  With virtual methods with pointers or refs use the dynamic information, e.g. Person *pper; Professor *pprof; pper=&prof; pper->f(); //accesses Professor f() pprof=&prof; pprof->f(); //clearly professor

4. Other Strategies Allocate the maximal amount for the largest subclass. Allocate the maximal amount for the largest subclass.  No slicing  Need to know all subclasses  Nobody does this Allocate memory for pointers Allocate memory for pointers  If the data is kept on the heap: allocated upon request  E.g. Professor = new Professor();  Referred by pointer or reference

5. Heap Allocation (ctd) Data is anonymous Data is anonymous  Assignment statements and equality tests are pointer/reference oriented  Copy semantics require new objects, pointer/reference not  In C++ the == operator can be overloaded to any meaning  Smalltalk & Java use pointer/reference semantics, but allow the use of clones

6. Cloning Implement a copy method Implement a copy method  Create a new object  Copy the existing object’s contents into it public class structure{ public structure copy(){ structure x = new structure(); x.setValue(getValue()); return x; } structure copy = obj.copy(); //cloning

7. Forms of Polymorphism Variable: variables can hold values from a base class and subclasses. Variable: variables can hold values from a base class and subclasses.  The dynamic type must be a subclass of the static type of the base class  C++ requires use of pointers and references for polymorphism Pure: Methods can have polymorphic parameters. Pure: Methods can have polymorphic parameters.  In Java and C++ need double dispatch  accept(Visitor v){return v.visitXXX(this); accepts any legal Visitor

8. Other Types of Polymorphism Overloading: Allow several function bodies, e.g. overloading “+” operator in C++ Overloading: Allow several function bodies, e.g. overloading “+” operator in C++  The function signature determines the body  Can use static and dynamic signatures Overriding: Change the semantics of the parent in the child Overriding: Change the semantics of the parent in the child  Different children can override in different ways  Ensures common interfaces

9. Other Types of Polymorphism Deferred Methods: Force the children to have method bodies (generalization of overriding) Deferred Methods: Force the children to have method bodies (generalization of overriding) class Shape{... void virtual draw() = 0;... } class Circle: public Shape{... void draw{drawCircle();}... }

10. Coupling and Cohesion Measure dependency between classes by coupling Measure dependency between classes by coupling  Dependency limits code reuse  Could be intentional: E.g. MVC and Listener Modules should minimize external dependencies, e.g. GUI and business logic Modules should minimize external dependencies, e.g. GUI and business logic Modules should address common behavior, i.e. internal cohesion Modules should address common behavior, i.e. internal cohesion

11. Coupling Measure of dependency between modules Measure of dependency between modules Types in order of desirability Types in order of desirability  Data Coupling: Output from one module is input to another  Control Coupling: Passing control flags between modules so that one module controls sequencing of processing in another  Global Data Coupling: Two or more modules share common data structures  Internal Data Coupling: One module directly modifies local data of another

12. Data Coupling Output from one module is the input from another Output from one module is the input from another E.g. using parameter lists to ship objects between classes E.g. using parameter lists to ship objects between classes  Object X passes Object O to Object Y  Objects O and Y are coupled  Change interface in O may require change in Y

13. Example class Y{ public void funnyStuff(Object O){... O.doSomethingFunny(String t);... }

14. Control Coupling A sends a message to B A sends a message to B B returns control information to A B returns control information to A class tryPrint{ public: int printFile(File toPrint){ if (toPrint is corrupt) return CORRUPTFLAG; else...... } tryPrint when = new tryPrint(); int result = when.printFile(popQuiz); if (result == CORRUPTFLAG)...

15. Global Data Coupling Modules has access to common data areas Modules has access to common data areas  E.g. external in C  Variables in public interfaces whose structure is public  Even items in a public interface whose values remain constant and whose implementations are hidden Modules are very tightly coupled Modules are very tightly coupled Reusability is severely limited Reusability is severely limited Hard to tell who updated the global data Hard to tell who updated the global data What happens when data structure is changed? What happens when data structure is changed?

16. Global Data Coupling Cure: Make a separate module with public methods to access the global data Cure: Make a separate module with public methods to access the global data Very bad form of coupling, especially with pointers to global dating because of aliasing Very bad form of coupling, especially with pointers to global dating because of aliasing Hard to understand classes in isolation Hard to understand classes in isolation

17. Internal Data Coupling Modules modify each other’s internal data Modules modify each other’s internal data Also dependencies between items that make up an object Also dependencies between items that make up an object The worst form of coupling-always to be avoided! The worst form of coupling-always to be avoided!

18. Other Forms of Coupling Interface Coupling (a form of Object Coupling): Referring to specific items in another object’s public interface (very weak form of coupling) Interface Coupling (a form of Object Coupling): Referring to specific items in another object’s public interface (very weak form of coupling) Outside Internal Coupling from Underneath: coupling between parent and child with respect to state or operations Outside Internal Coupling from Underneath: coupling between parent and child with respect to state or operations  Unwanted inheritance  Makes subclass complex