1. Population Genetics Genetic structure of a population.

2. Population Bell Curve  In any given gene pool: MOST Individuals Extreme

3. Variation  Environment –Food –Shelter –Pollutants  Heredity –Mutation –Recombination –Random gametes

4. genetic structure of a population group of individuals of the same species that can interbreed Population genetics

5. Describing genetic structure phenotype frequencies allele frequencies rr = white Rr = pink RR = red

6. 200 white 500 pink 300 red phenotype frequencies allele frequencies 200/1000 = 0.2 white 500/1000 = 0.5 pink 300/1000 = 0.3 red total = 1000 flowers phenotype frequencies: Describing genetic structure

7. 200 rr 500 Rr 300 RR genotype frequencies allele frequencies 900/2000 = 0.45 r 1100/2000 = 0.55 R total = 2000 alleles allele frequencies: = 400 r = 500 r = 500 R = 600 R Describing genetic structure

8. for a population with genotypes: 100 GG 160 Gg 140 gg Phenotype frequencies Allele frequencies calculate:

9. for a population with genotypes: 100 GG 160 Gg 140 gg Phenotype frequencies Allele frequencies 260/400 = 0.65 green 140/400 = 0.35 brown 360/800 = 0.45 G 440/800 = 0.55 g calculate:

10. Population genetics – Outline What is population genetics? Calculate Why is genetic variation important? - genotype frequencies - allele frequencies How does genetic structure change?

11. Why is genetic variation important? variation no variation EXTINCTION!! global warming survival

12. Why is genetic variation important? variation no variation north south north south

13. Why is genetic variation important? variation no variation divergence NO DIVERGENCE!! north south north south

14. Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium A population is at equilibrium ( does not evolve) IF: 1.There are NO mutations 2.NO migration in or out 3.Population is LARGE 4.Individuals mate RANDOMLY 5.Natural Selection does NOT occur p 2 + 2pq + q 2 = 1

15. mutation migration natural selection genetic drift non-random mating How does genetic structure change? changes in allele frequencies and/or genotype frequencies through time

16. mutation migration natural selection genetic drift non-random mating spontaneous change in DNA creates new alleles ultimate source of all genetic variation How does genetic structure change?

17. introduces new alleles individuals move in to or out of a population How does genetic structure change? mutation migration natural selection genetic drift non-random mating “gene flow”

18. differences in survival or reproduction certain genotypes produce more offspring leads to adaptation differences in“fitness” How does genetic structure change? mutation migration natural selection genetic drift non-random mating

19. Types of Natural Selection 1.Average is most fit 2.Two extremes are most fit 3.One of two extremes is most fit

20. sampling error genetic change by chance alone misrepresentation small populations How does genetic structure change? mutation migration natural selection genetic drift non-random mating

21. Genetic drift 8 RR 8 rr Before: After: 2 RR 6 rr 0.50 R 0.50 r 0.25 R 0.75 r

22. mutation migration natural selection genetic drift non-random mating non-random allele combinations mating combines alleles into genotypes How does genetic structure change?

23. Types of Natural Selection 4. Sexual Selection – Mates choose their partner based on particular favored traits.

24. What is a SPECIES??  Morphological Concept –Species classified based on external and internal STRUCTURES  Biological Concept –Population of organisms that can SUCCESSFULLY INTERBREED to create fertile offspring

25. Causes of Speciation  Geographic Isolation –Separated by rivers, mountain ranges, canyons, etc.  Reproductive Isolation –Organisms fail to reproduce successfully –Fertile during different periods –Incompatible morphology and/or behavior

26. Rate of Speciation  Gradual Change –Species are constantly changing over time (very slow)  Punctuated Equilibrium –Species go through periods of very little change, then rapid change –What could cause this???

27. Natural selection Resistance to antibacterial soap Generation 1: 1.00 not resistant 0.00 resistant

28. Natural selection Generation 1: 1.00 not resistant 0.00 resistant Resistance to antibacterial soap

29. Natural selection Resistance to antibacterial soap mutation! Generation 1: 1.00 not resistant 0.00 resistant Generation 2: 0.96 not resistant 0.04 resistant

30. Natural selection Resistance to antibacterial soap Generation 1: 1.00 not resistant 0.00 resistant Generation 2: 0.96 not resistant 0.04 resistant Generation 3: 0.76 not resistant 0.24 resistant

31. Natural selection Resistance to antibacterial soap Generation 1: 1.00 not resistant 0.00 resistant Generation 2: 0.96 not resistant 0.04 resistant Generation 3: 0.76 not resistant 0.24 resistant Generation 4: 0.12 not resistant 0.88 resistant

32. Natural selection can cause populations to diverge divergence north south

33. Selection on sickle-cell allele aa – abnormal ß hemoglobin sickle-cell anemia very low fitness intermed. fitness high fitness Selection favors heterozygotes (Aa). Both alleles maintained in population (a at low level). Aa – both ß hemoglobins resistant to malaria AA – normal ß hemoglobin vulnerable to malaria

34. AA x AA AA aa x aa aa AA 0.8 x 0.8 Aa 0.8 x 0.2 aA 0.2 x 0.8 A 0.8 A 0.8 a 0.2 a 0.2 aa 0.2 x 0.2 genotype frequencies: AA = 0.8 x 0.8 = 0.64 Aa = 2(0.8 x0.2) = 0.32 aa = 0.2 x 0.2 = 0.04 allele frequencies: A = 0.8 A = 0.2 A A A A A A A A a a