1. Units Four, Five, six and Seven Antar Abdellah 1432

2.  Aims of opening paragraphs:  raising interest of target audience  Should not start your essay with:  In this essay I am writing about…

3. Quote Unusual fact question General 2 Specific Specific 2 General Anecdote

4.  Exact words said or written by someone.  Why? – to set a certain note  - a sense of community  - to cite an expert in the field  Like a springboard, to jump into your paragraph

5.  To surprise your reader.  Information should be: interesting  relevant  creating right tone

6.  Must be relevant to your topic  Must be thought provoking  Can be something like “have you ever thought why….?”  The question should be : - interesting  relevant  creating right tone

7.  Writing about poetry in general then moving to discuss a certain poet or poem.  Specific to General:  Start with a specific common then move on to general ideas; Handle a certain piece to make generalization of poetic features.

8.  A short personal account or story / event.  When writing about a person (Poe?), you can start with an interesting account or event in his / her life.  People like stories, and become interested more in reading when they begin by reading a story.

9.  A colleague / fellow student can be reading and commenting on your writing.  Important terms:  Anecdote  Feedback  Draft  Out of context (off point)  Peer review  Quote, statistics

11.  Academic writing means supporting your views with evidence and proofs of other writers and experts in the field.  Writing without sources is just telling your opinion about a topic. –not academic

12.  1) close reading of texts  2) analysis of what you have read  3) support your views to create credibility with the reader.  Even if there are conflicting views, you have to mention both views; this makes you knowledgeable, credible and reliable.

13.  Sources are like pepper; use moderately.  Make annotations + bibliography  Make summaries for each source you find relevant to your topic.  Insert YOUR summaries inside YOUR essay.

14.  What are Quotes?  Quotes are tow types: Direct (Exact words of the source”  Indirect (paraphrase of the ideas in the original source).

15.  1- when your ideas are not enough to demonstrate a point  2- When rewriting a paraphrase in your own words will not work (better represented)  3- when you want to give the reader a taste of the exact words of another author. (especially with poetry and pieces of literature).

16.  No more than 3 lines.  1) all quotes should be included within full sentences. (Chomsky argues that…..).  2) source cited immediately after quote  3) use quotation marks “ ……”  4) use a comma for one-sentence quotes  5) no need for name of author in citation if already mentioned in signal sentence.  6) punctuation consideration p.62

17.  Quotes support, not replace your ideas.  They need to be short  They must be introduced by a full sentence, And flow within the paragraph.

18.  More than 3 lines  Must be indented  Introduced by a full sentence  And a colon:  No quotation marks  Source to be quoted after block  Omit from text […]  Adding [Sic] [my emphasis]  Example P. 64

19.  Book  Site  Chapter  Article  Essay in journal  You need: author surname, first initial, year of publication, title, publisher, place, URL, date of access.  P. 65-68

20.  DO NOT change word for word (synonyms ) this is not good paraphrasing  RATHER, read carefully, leave text, write down what you understand of it.  EVEN if these are your words, still they are NOT your ideas. So you must cite the ideas.  THE source of the paraphrased ideas.

21.  Using words not yours  Copying  Paraphrasing by replacing  Using downloaded text  Not acknowledging sources  Not citing ideas  Avoid it by citing ideas and writing your own words.

22.  Annotated bibliography  Citing - signal sentence  Close reading - synonym  Ellipsis - short quotes  Establishing creditability  In/direct sources- long quotes  Literature review  Block quotes  Plagiarism  Paraphrasing

24.  What you wrote is relevant  You provided enough examples  You discussed and analyzed the examples  A strong topic sentence  Logical argument  Developed thesis  Adequate conclusion  Accurate language (grammar, spelling, punctuation).

25.  Cause and effect, sequence, comparison / contrast, example, purpose,  Questions to ask yourself:  1- have I organized my ideas into paragraphs according to outline?  2- does the order of my ideas make sense?  3- does each point lead to the next?  4- are my ideas connected by transition?  5- should I rearrange any of the parts?  6- do I have introduction, body, conclusion?  7- does the structure of the draft support my purpose?

26.  Important questions to ask:  1) does my paper answer the question “So what?” don’t get astray behind attractive content.  2) is my purpose clear? If not how to make it clear?  3) is there any part of my paper that does not help achieve my purpose?  4) what are the main words that make my ideas clear?

27.  Questions:  1) thesis statement mapping the essay?  2) did I follow my outline accurately?  3) have I used appropriate sources?  4) Have I provided enough examples? Need to add?  5) discussed and analyzed the examples?  6) have I built an argument?  7) have I explained my ideas clearly?

28.  A good conclusion:  - stress the importance of the thesis statement  - give the essay a sense of completeness  - leave a final impression on the reader.

29.  1) answer the question “so what?”.  2) synthesize, do not summarize  3) redirect the readers  4) create a new meaning ▪ A) echoing the introduction ▪ B) challenging the reader ▪ C) looking to the future ▪ D) posing questions

30.  Is it still an appropriate way to start my essay?  Did I really write what I said I would in my thesis statement?  Do I accomplish my goals?  Is my thesis statement still a road map to the essay?

31.  Vague language  Audience  Draft  Editing  Revisiting for information  Revisiting for language and form  Revisiting for purpose  Transitional words

33.  Reverse outline  Remake an outline of what you have written by identifying the main ideas in each paragraph  Then compare the two outlines

34.  - topic sentence and transitional phrases. you may need to insert linkers for cohesion - Evidence and examples,.Explain the meaning of the quote or the example, do leave the reader do it. - - organization and flow: logical within the paragraph and between paragraphs (cohesion and coherence). - - opening paragraph: fine tune it.

35.  Spell check ( computer and print out)  Grammar check  Check format (double spaced- indented- page numbered?)  Common grammar mistakes: sentence fragment run on sentence misspellings, pronouns… p. 91-92

36.  Title page,  Margins and fonts  Quotes  MLA/ APA format

37.  Respond to the checklist on page 94  And develop your own checklist (errors you know you always make) for future work. Important terms:  Grammar check  PCL (Personal checklist)  Proofreading  Reverse outline  Transitional phrases  Title page