1. Dr. Antar Abdellah

2. In the language curriculum

3. sentences Determiners Parts of speech

4.  1. Nouns (countable – uncountable)  2. pronouns  3. prepositions  4. verbs (transitive.intransitive)  5. conjunction  6. adjectives (comparison, superlative)  7. Adverbs  8. interjections

5. IndicativeSubjunctive

6.  Statements (present, past, future)  Negatives (present, past, future)  Subjunctive  Commands  Questions  Conditionals  Unreal past  Wishes  Exclamations

7. past present Future simple Continuous perfect Simple Continuous perfect Simple continuous perfect

8. Questions Q tags Commands Conditionals If Exclamations (what, how..) Wishes Unreal past Praying & saluting Past, present, future; affirmative, negative

9. The- A An- articles Much - few, a few Many - a lot of, lots of Number/ quantity Very, too, so, such Quite, rather Intensifiers

10. In the language curriculum

11.  The relation between sound and letter.  English has 26 letters, but 46 sounds.  This means that each letter can have more than one sound  And each sound can be represented in more than one letter.  For example, the /f/ sound can be represented in [f = fish, ph = elephant, gh =enough, eu = lieutenant]  And the letter [a] can be pronounced differently; “warm – want – man- make- car – about” 

12.  Arabic is different from English with respect to the sound-letter problem.  1. Arabic is an abjadic language, English is alphabetic  2. English underwent great changes and invasions, Arabic didn’t.  3 Arabic relied on the spoken form more than n the written form.  The only differences between sound and letter in Arabic are the ة, ى and the sun ل  Modern dialects however have remarkable changes

13.  IPA system: International Phonetic Alphabet  Identifying the sounds in human languages and assigning symbols form them.  You need to master these symbols in order to be able to pronounce well.  They are made easy for you by reference words  Why do not we have rules for pronunciation?  The only available rule is analogy [just like the broken plural in Arabic]

14.  G= / ʒ / if g+ e, i, y  Gender, geology, ginger  G = / ɡ / if g+ consonant, other vowels except /h/  Good, grammar  G = /f/, /ou/ if g+ h  Enough, although  Exceptions: girl, get / ɡ /

15.  C = /s/ if c+ i, e, y  City, receive cycle  C = /k/ if c+ other phonemes except /h/  College, click  C = / ʧ / if c+ /h/  Chair, church  Exceptions: school, chemistry, Celtic, foci

16.  Consonants  These are similar to some Arabic sounds/letters  Some other need special training  These are 24 in number, compared to 25 in Arabic  This does not mean that Arabic has more consonants, each language has a different set of consonants  Vowels  These are remarkably different from Arabic and need special care and long practice to pronounce them right.  These are 22 in number [9 short,5 long, &8 complex] compared to six in standard Arabic [3 long & 3 short vowels]

19. In the language curriculum

20.  Semantic fields & lexical sets  Homonymy  - homophones  - homographs  Synonymy  Polsymy  antonymy

21.  a set of lexemes which cover a certain conceptual domain  Fruit, vegetable, electronics, houses, people  All are examples of semantic fields

22.  Lexical sets are examples of words which may be grouped under a semantic field.  “Mango, banana, apple, orange” are lexical sets under the semantic field “fruit”.  Cabbage, pepper, cress are under vegetable  Villa, chalet, cottage, bungalow, hut, apartment are under houses  Engineer, teacher, doctor, solider are under jobs.

23.  Homonomy refers to words that share an identical feature 

24.  two words are homophones if they are pronounced the same way but differ in meaning or spelling or both (e.g. bare and bear)  Sun, sonrest, wrest  Mail, malemain, mane  Ate, eightdam, damn  Read, reddraft, Draught  Write, rightyou, ewe

25.  One of two or more words that have the same spelling but differ in origin, meaning, and sometimes pronunciation, such as fair (pleasing in appearance) and fair (market) or wind (wnd) and wind (wnd).  Project, projectclose, close  Present, present desert, desert  Bow, bow house. House  Dove, dove lead, lead  Use, uselive, live

26.  Words that share a common meaning, although there may be a difference in use; happy and glad.  Abandondiscardvacate  Accordagreegrant  Adversitydifficultymisfortune  Affluentplentifulrich  blendcombinemix  Blisshappinessjoy  Bluffboastfeign  Bolddaringfearless  Bonusawardgift

27.  Words that are opposite in meaning.  Absence, presenceaccept, refuse  accurate, inaccurate advantage, disadvantage  alive, dead always, never  Ancient, modern answer, question -query  approval, disapproval approached, departed  abundant, scarce admit, deny  advance, retreat artificial, natural  arrival, departure ascend, descend  Attack, defense attention, inattention

28.  Words that can have more than one meaning in different contexts; kind (sort), kind (affectionate).  Bank (building + side of river)  Position (physical + job)  Book (reading+ a hotel)  Room (house + space)