1. Prepared by: Akash Agarwal www.edutechlearners.com1

2. Means a machine that can function as human brain. The Blue Brain Project is an attempt to reverse engineer the human brain and recreate it at the cellular level inside a computer simulation. The project was founded in May 2005 by Henry Markram at the EPFL in Lausanne, Switzerland. www.edutechlearners.com2

3. It acts as a supercomputer. Improvements in processing, speed and memory could make entire human brain simulated. Things could be remembered without any effort. Use the intelligence of the person after death. It can make decisions entirely of its own. Allowing the deaf to hear via direct nerve stimulation. Scientists think that blue brain could also help to cure Parkinson’s disease. www.edutechlearners.com3

4. INPUT- In the nervous system in our body the neurons are responsible for the message passing but in Simulated Brain The scientist has created artificial neurons by replacing them with the silicon chip. INTERPRETATION- The electric impulses received by the brain from neurons are interpreted in the Brain by means of neurons while in Simulate Brain the interpretation of the electric impulses received by the artificial neuron can be done by means of registers (represent different states of brain). www.edutechlearners.com4

5. The uploading is possible by the use of small robot called Nanobot. These robots are small enough to travel through out our circulatory system. Travelling into the spine and brain, they will be able to monitor the activity and structure of our central nervous system. They will be able to provide an interface with computer that is as close as our mind can be while we still residein our biological form. www.edutechlearners.com5

6. Nanobot www.edutechlearners.com6

7. A Super Computer (Blue Gene) built by IBM capable of processing 228 TFLOPS. Memory with large storing Capacity (256 to 512 MB per processor). 100kw power consumption. Very powerful Nanobots to interface between natural brain and Computer. Linux and C++ software. www.edutechlearners.com7

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10. 1) data acquisition 2) Simulation 3) visualization of results. www.edutechlearners.com10

11. Data acquisition involves taking brain slices, placing them under a microscope, and measuring the shape and electrical activity of individual neurons. The neurons are typed by morphology (i.e. their shape), electrophysiological behaviour, location within the cortex, and their population density. The electrophysiological behaviour of neurons is studied using a 12 patch clamp instrument. These observations are translated into mathematical algorithms which describe the form, function, and positioning of neurons. The algorithms are then used to generate biologically-realistic virtual neurons ready for simulation. www.edutechlearners.com11

12. The 12 patch-clamp close view www.edutechlearners.com12

13. The primary software used by the BBP for neural simulations is a package called NEURON. It is written in C, C++, and FORTRAN. The simulation step involves synthesizing virtual cells using the algorithms that were found to describe real neurons. Every single protein is simulated, and there are about a billion of these in one cell. First a network skeleton is built from all the different kinds of synthesized neurons. Then the cells are connected together according to the rules that have been found experimentally. www.edutechlearners.com13

14. Finally the neurons are functionalized and the simulation brought to life. The patterns of emergent behaviour are viewed with visualisation software. www.edutechlearners.com14

15. RTNeuron is the primary application used by the BBP for visualisation of neural simulations. The software was developed internally by the BBP team. It is written in C++ and OpenGL. RTNeuron takes the output from Hodgkin-Huxley simulations in NEURON and renders them in 3D. www.edutechlearners.com15

16. We become dependent upon the computers. Another fear is found with respect to human cloning. A very costly procedure of regaining the memory back. www.edutechlearners.com16

17. www.edutechlearners.com17