1. Automatic Control System V. Performance of steady-state

2. plantcontroller Terms of feedback control reference input element reference signal comparing element or error detector error signal compensator or control task action signal feedback signal actuator transmitter manipulated variable disturbance variable controlled variable block model of the plant

3. Working points in steady-state U YMYM Y UMUM In steady-state the value of the action signal U, manipulated U M, and controlled Y variables, and the feedback signal Y M are constant. W Y UMUM U YMYM In steady-state the output of a loop’s element is the input of the next block. The steady-state characteristics of the elements must be fitted each other. The disturbance w variable’s deviation of the average value changes the plant’s steady-state characteristic curve. It’s important: A new steady-state can be achieved by the system. W0W0

4. Choosing steady-state characteristics of controller The steady-state characteristic of the plant, transmitter and the actuator is given by the technologies. We can choose only the steady-state characteristic of the controller. If higher action signal belongs to higher feedback signal then the characteristic is direct. If lower action signal belongs to higher feedback signal then the characteristic is reverse. The dynamic behavior of the controller eliminates the steady-state error.. Y UMUM U YMYM W0W0 In this case there isn’t a new steady-state value of system.

5. Choosing steady-state characteristics of controller A bad choice of controller steady-state characteristics also causes an unstable control loop. Y UMUM U YMYM Sometimes the technologies requirements need a reverse characteristics of the actuator. Sometimes the steady-state characteristics of technologies is concave and not convex. W0W0 In this case there is a new steady-state value of system.

6. Transfer functions of feedback loop G P (s)G R (s) G W (s) G A (s) G C (s) G T (s)

7. System type of feedback loop System type is the number of the pure integral lag in the loop. The possible values are 0, 1, 2. K 0 is the loop gain. Opened-loop transfer function, Bode form. G P (s)G R (s) G W (s) G A (s) G C (s) G T (s)

8. A ship wants to turn to the port. The continuous movement of the steering wheel turns the ship. The surface of the ship against the river backwash also continuously increase. How much is the deflection error if r(t)=0.2*t*1(t) is the changes of the reference signal and w(t)=0.1*t*1(t) is the changes of the disturbance variable. The domains are: Y = ± 80 [°], R = 4 – 20 [mA]. Example v

9. The steady-state error of closed loop control

10. The size of the error might be appropriate, but we do not know anything about the quality characteristics.

11. Setpoint tracking The setpoint tracking depends on: Order of the feedback system. The loop‘s gain (K 0 ). The form of the reference signal The setpoint tracking means that the controlled variable (y(s)) is able to follow the prescribed value by the changes of the reference signal (r(s)) after the transient has died. We assume that the disturbance variable (W 0 (s)) equals the designed value (w(s)=0). We can examine this with the error transfer function:

12. Setpoint tracking Standard signal Order of the feedback system t t 021 0 0 0 t

13. Disturbance suppression The disturbance suppression depends on: Order of the feedback system. The loop‘s gain (K 0 ). The form of the reference signal. The attack point of the disturbance variable. The disturbance suppression means that the controlled variable (y(s)) is able to hold the prescribed value by the changes of the disturbance variable (w(s)) after the transient has died. We assume that the reference signal (R 0 (s)) equals the working point value (r(s)=0). We can examine this with the disturbance-error transfer function:

14. Disturbance suppression Standard signal Order of the feedback system t t 0 2 1 0 0 0 Entering point of disturbance 001021 0 t