2. Describe cultural universals and explain why they exist. Explain what the terms ethnocentrism and cultural relativism mean. Identify factors that account for variations among and within cultures.

3. China https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6_WAmt3cMdk Italy https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=boN2rsS6K_c 10 ways to offend people https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UTE0G9amZNk Mr. Baseball https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bdeFdFEbuqk

4. Dairy Association’s huge success with the campaign “Got Milk?” prompted them to expand advertising to Mexico It was brought to their attention the Spanish translation read, “Are you lactating?”

5. When Gerber started selling baby food in Africa, they used US packaging with the smiling baby on the label. In Africa, companies routinely put pictures on labels of what’s inside, since many people can’t read.

6. Pepsi’s “Come Alive With the Pepsi Generation” in Chinese translated into “Pepsi Brings Your Ancestors Back From the Grave”

7. Coca-Cola’s name in China was first read as “Kekoukela”, meaning “Bite the wax tadpole” or “female horse stuffed with wax”, depending on the dialect. Coke then researched 40,000 characters to find a phonetic equivalent “kokou kole”, translating into “happiness in the mouth.”

9. Making the strange familiar Eating dog? Marrying cousins? Giving away prized possessions? Finger mutilation? Brothers sharing a wife?

10. We tend not to think about our culture because it is so much a part of us that we take it for granted. It is only when we compare ourselves with people in other societies that we become aware of cultural differences and similarities. It is wrong to eat dogs. Bacteria and viruses cause illness. Sleeping on a bed. This is, in fact, the way that anthropology as a profession began.

15. Culture refers to the total way of life of any society, not simply to those parts of this way which the society regards as higher or more desirable. ~ Ralph Linton. Culture is a set of learned behaviors and ideas (including beliefs, attitudes, values, and ideals) that are characteristics of a particular society or other social group. Some anthropologists include material culture – things like homes, musical instruments, and tools that are the products of customary behavior.

16. Different kinds of groups can have cultures. People come to share behaviors and ideas because they communicate with and observe each others. Society is defined as a group of people who occupy a particular territory and speak a common language. By this definition, societies may or may not correspond to countries or nations.

17. Cultural universals – general traits common to all cultures – Courtship, Marriage, Funerals, Games Exist because some needs are so basic that all societies must develop certain features to ensure their fulfillment

18. Cultural Universal Exists for three main reasons The biological similarity shared by all human beings. The physical environment affecting all human beings. Many countries face the same social problems.

20. High Culture – Society’s Elite Popular Culture – Widespread in a society

21. Culture must be shared by a population or a group of individuals. Even if some behavior are not commonly practiced. When we talk about the commonly shared customs of a society, we are referring to a culture. When we talk about the commonly shared customs of a group within a society, we are referring to a subculture. When anthropologists refer to something as culture, there is always individual variation, which means that not everyone in a society shares a particular cultural characteristics of that society.

22. For something to be considered culture, it must be learned as well as shared. Most North Americans do not consider dog meat edible. But in China, dog meat is edible. In our society, many people consider a baked ham to be a holiday dish. In several societies of the Middle East eating the meat of a pig is forbidden. Animals exhibit learned behaviors.

23. All people known to anthropologists, regardless of their kind of society, have had a complex system of spoken, symbolic communication. Language is symbolic in that a word or phrase can represent what it stands for.

24. 24 The principle of using one ’ s own culture as a standard by which to evaluate another group or individual, leading to the view that cultures other than one ’ s own are abnormal. Viewing one’s own culture as normal and, oftentimes, superior. Who wants a snack? Cicadas, grasshoppers, and other insects on skewers for sale in Donghaumen Night Market in Beijing, China.

25. The principle of understanding other cultures on their own terms, rather than judging according to one ’ s own culture. When studying any group, it is important to try to employ cultural relativism because it helps sociologists see others more objectively.

26. Example: Anthropologist Marvin Harris couldn’t understand the prohibition of killing Cows in India even though people are starving They play a vital role in feeding people by pulling the plows to farm because they cant afford tractors, and through milks that’s a vital part of Indian cuisine

27. Describing a particular culture might seem relatively uncomplicated at first. You simply observe what the people in that society do and then record their behavior. How would you decide which people to observe? What would you conclude if people behave differently? Examine the diversity at a football game. Variation in behavior are confined within socially acceptable limits, and it is part of the anthropologist’s goal to find out what those limits are.

28. Ideal cultural patterns: ideas (values and norms) about how people ought to feel and behave in a situation. To illustrate the difference between ideal and actual culture, consider the idealized belief that everyone is “equal before the law.”

29. Subculture Counterculture Multiculturalism Cultural Diffusion

30. Shared values, norms and behaviors that are not shared by the entire population. Cultural variation within a society (Amish, Inuit Eskimo, Chinatown, Spanish Harlem, Navajo).

31. The Adaptive American Culture The long history of immigration to the United States has resulted in an American culture that embraces values, behaviors, and material culture from other cultures around the world. Latino influence is especially strong as Hispanics are the largest minority group Influences food, clothes, and cars available Latino holidays are celebrated Spanish-language advertisements are common South Asians are becoming a larger and larger portion of U.S. population Japanese, Pakistani and Indian food has quickly become more popular. Bollywood movies are popular

32. Thinking Critically How have immigrant groups influenced American culture? What are some examples of how food, business practices, and advertising have changed because of immigration?

33. Counter Culture: when a group (subculture) deliberately and consciously rejects the values, norms, beliefs and practices of the dominant culture.

34. Multiculturalism values diverse racial, ethnic, national, and linguistic backgrounds and so encourages the retention of cultural differences within society, rather than assimilation.

35. Cultural diffusion is the spreading of culture traits from one society to another In the past it could have happened through trade or invasion. Today it can happen almost instantly

36. Effect on children: Anna and Isabelle Years of isolation left both children damaged and only capable of approximating a normal life after intensive rehabilitation. Effect on Children: Genie Somewhat less isolated, but suffered permanent disabilities

37. A person’s fairly consistent patterns of thinking, feeling, and acting Could a person’s personality develop without social interaction?

38. Two ways to discover cultural patterns: Direct Observation: When dealing with customs that are overt or highly visible within society. Collecting Sampling: When dealing with a particular sphere of behavior that encompasses many individual variations, or when the people studied are unaware of their pattern of behavior.

39. One example of cultural pattern that most people are not aware of is how far apart people stand when they are having a conversation. We may experience considerable discomfort when another person stands too close( indicate too much intimacy), or too far (indicate unfriendliness). Unconscious cultural rules govern such behavior. These rules become obvious when we interact with people who have different rules.

41. There are some cultural behaviors that, if carried to an extreme, would decrease the chances of survival of a particular society. For example, certain tribes in New Guinea view women as essentially unclean and dangerous individuals with whom physical contact should be as limited as possible. Either the people clinging to those customs will become extinct, taking the customs with them, or the customs will be replaced helping people to survive. Maladaptive customs – those that diminish the chances of survival and reproduction – are likely to persist.

42. In saying that a culture integrated means the elements or traits that make up that culture are not just a random assortment of customs but are mostly adjusted to or consistent with one another. One reason anthropologists believe that culture tends to be integrated is that culture is adaptive.

43. When you examine the history of a society, it is obvious that its culture has changed over time. Change occur if people try to invent better ways of doing things. A good deal of culture change may be stimulated by changes in the external environment.