1. Criminology Criminology = The scientific study of crime, criminals, criminal behavior, and corrections. Criminalistics = The application of Science to those criminal and civil laws that are enforced by police agencies in a criminal justice system. Synonymous with “Forensic Science”

2. The Causes of Crime - The oldest theory...Bad seed or devil made me -First scientific theory...Skull size -Another scientific theory...It’s hereditary -Another explanation of crime attempted to relate criminal behavior to natural, or physical, environment. -19th century criminologists attribute crime mainly to the influence of poverty. --NOW = experts indicate multiple causation, theories. They reason that crime springs usually from a multiplicity of conflicting and converging influences—biological, psychological, cultural, economic, and political.

3. What do these people have in common? Ted Bundy Son of Sam John Wayne Gacy Dennis Rader Jeffrey Dahmer

4. Forensic Psychiatry vs. Forensic Profiling

5. Forensic Psychiatry Unlike hair, shoeprints, or weapons, the motivations of criminals aren't visible. They cannot be studied under a microscope or analyzed in a lab. This makes psychiatry a totally different type of science; the science of behavior

6. Forensic Psychiatry cont. Investigators use physical and biological evidence to determine the who, what, where, and how. Forensic psychiatrists help to answer why. Many times the why is the most valuable piece of information for solving the crime because there are very few crimes that are committed without a motive, the why.

7. What do Forensic Psychiatrists (Psychologists) do? Test suspects for mental illness Assess a perpetrator’s sanity Establish a perpetrator’s mental state at the time of a crime Determine an individual’s competency to stand trial, offer testimony, sign contracts, and perform other actions Evaluating suspects for signs of deception or malingering (faking illness) Profiling perpetrators and victims

8. What does a forensic psychiatrist do in court? Stand trial to offer an opinion regarding the suspect’s mental state at the time of the crime Address issues related to legal sanity (in the case of an insanity plea) During the sentencing phase, they may suggest the need for admission to a mental facility instead of prison They may offer how dangerous the defendant is and how likely the defendant is to be a repeat offender.

9. Did you know that the term insanity is a legal term and not a medical term? Insanity, therefore is determined by a judge and jury. (Psychiatrists determine mental disorders and advise the courts accordingly but the final say comes from the law.)

10. Forensic profiler Psychological profiling (AKA offender profiling, criminal profiling, or just profiling) analyzes habits and rituals of serial criminals. They speculate on peculiarities of the offender's lifestyle that, when made public, may be recognized by colleagues or neighbors.

11. History 1880’s-Dr. Thomas Bond re: Jack the Ripper 1940’s-Dr. Walter Langer re: Adolf Hitler 1950’s-Dr. James Brussels re: Mad Bomber 1960’s-Dr. James Brussels re: Boston Strangler 1970’s-Dr. Robert Ressler re: Atlanta Child Murderer

12. History cont. Profiling emerged as a distinct discipline in the 1950’s when the FBI established a Behavioral Science Unit. Profiling was finally recognized as a legitimate discipline with its successes during the Wayne Williams (Atlanta Child Murderer) case of the late 70’s

13. Profiling If you don’t know what you are looking for, finding it is nearly impossible. Profiling is looking at evidence and making a best guess as to the type of individual who would commit the crime in question. Profiling helps the investigator get an idea of who they are looking for and narrows down the search.

14. A profiler is usually a specially trained FBI agent who looks at the crime scene, autopsy report, victim and likely precrime and postcrime behaviors. They would ask questions like: How did the killer gain access to the victim? What did the killer do to the victim? Did the killer try to cover his/her tracks? What is it about this victim that attracted the killer? What motive or fantasy drove the killer to harm the victim in the particular manner at the particular time and location?

15. What kind of offenders are ‘out there’? Mass murderers….Spree killers… Serial killers…Serial arsonists… Child Molesters…Pedophiles… Serial rapists…. (just to name a few)

16. Let’s start out with the multiple murderer… Multiple murderers are people who’ve killed more than one person. Multiple murders are classified according to the location and sequence of the killings: Mass murderers Spree killers Serial killers

17. Mass Murderers Kill more than 4 people in one place at one time Have a clear agenda and want to send a message Motive often is some perceived wrong committed by co-workers or employer

18. Spree Killers Kill more than one person at two or more locations that are linked by motive with no cooling off period between killings Constantly killing, hiding, running, or planning his next attack Goes on rampages, moving from place to place, city to city Many times ends up in a suicidal confrontation with law enforcement

19. Serial Killers Kill more than two people at different times and locations Cooling off period between killings (used to unwind, calm down before the demons take over again)

20. Assessing the Perpetrator’s Psyche There are three basic categories of offenders: Organized offenders Disorganized offenders Mixed offenders

21. Organized Offenders Very sophisticated approach Planning involved Average or better intelligence Employed Involved in active social relationships (spouse, family, etc.) Maintain control to avoid being impulsive Prepare and rehearse Target specific types of victims Use control measures (restraints, etc.) Bring tools Takes care not to leave evidence behind If killers, hide or dispose of the body with a preselected dumpsite

22. Disorganized Offenders Live alone or with a relative Lower than average intelligence Unemployed or work at menial jobs Often mentally ill Act impulsively; have little control over fantasy-driven needs Attack with sudden violence Crime scene is messy and chaotic Doesn’t plan ahead or bring tools; just uses what ever is around and handy As killers they leave the body behind Take little care about leaving evidence behind Some have sexual contact after victim is killed

23. Mixed Offenders Show evidence of planning and sophistication but the assault itself many be frenzied or messy

24. Psychosis is rarely noted among serial killers. The predominant psychiatric diagnosis noted in the group tends toward the psychopathic, meaning they suffer from traits within a specific cluster of dysfunctional personality characteristics, those most commonly associated with Antisocial Personality Disorder or Dissocial personality disorder. Psychopaths lack empathy and guilt, are egocentric and impulsive, and do not conform to social, moral and legal norms. They may appear to be quite normal and often even charming.Antisocial Personality DisorderDissocial personality disorder Diagnosis of Serial Killers

25. Descriptors Profilers use descriptors (categories) that they use to describe the type of individuals who commit the crimes. Descriptors can be categories like age, sex, race, residency, proximity, social skills, work/military history, or educational level. Using these descriptors, profilers can create a pretty good picture or profile of the offender.

26. Serial killers tend to share the following general descriptors: 1.The majority are single, white males under the age of 30. 2.They are often very intelligent. 3.They do poorly in school, have trouble holding down jobs, and often work menial jobs. 4.They tend to come from unstable families. 5.As children, they are typically abandoned by their fathers and raised by domineering mothers. 6.Their families often have criminal, psychiatric and alcoholic histories. 7.They often are mistrustful of their parents. 8.It is common to find that as children, they were abused—psychologically, physically and/or sexually—by a family member. 9.Many spend time in institutions as children and have records of early psychiatric problems. 10.They have high rates of suicide attempts. 11.From an early age, many are intensely interested in voyeurism, fetishism, and sadomasochistic pornography. 12.More than 60 percent wet their beds beyond the age of 12. 13.Many are fascinated with fire starting. 14.They are involved in sadistic activity or tormenting small creatures. Characteristics of Serial Killers

27. Visionary Visionary serial killers sometimes believe they are another person or are compelled to murder by entities such as the devil or God. Example: David Berkowitz, the “Son of Sam”. He claimed a demon transmitted orders through his neighbor's dog, instructing him to murder. Motives of Serial killers ( Visionary - Mission oriented – Hedonistic )

28. Motives of Serial killers Mission-oriented Mission-oriented killers justify their acts on the basis that they are getting rid of a certain type of person, such as homosexuals, prostitutes, blacks or Catholics, whom they find undesirable. Example: Ted Kaczynski, the "Unabomber", targeted universities and the airline industry. He wrote a manifesto that he distributed to the media, in which he claimed he wanted society to return to a time when technology was not a threat to its future.

29. Motives of Serial killers Hedonistic This type of serial killer seeks thrills and derives pleasure from killing, seeing people as objects for their enjoyment. Forensic psychologists have identified three subtypes of the hedonistic killer: "lust", "thrill" and "comfort". Lust Sex is the primary motive of lust killers, whether or not the victims are dead, and fantasy plays a large role in their killings. Example :Jeffrey Dahmer searched for his perfect fantasy lover—beautiful and eternal. Thrill The primary motive of a thrill killer is to induce pain or create terror in their victims. They seek the adrenaline rush provided by hunting and killing victims. Example: the Zodiac Killer wrote "killing is even better than getting your rocks off with a girl". Comfort Material gain and a comfortable lifestyle are the primary motives of comfort killers. Usually, the victims are family members and close acquaintances. Example: Dorothea Puente killed her tenants for their Social Security checks and buried them in the backyard of her home.

30. What about child molesters? Pedophiles? We haven’t mentioned them yet. First of all, is there a difference between a child molester and a pedophile? Answer: Yes

31. Pedophilia: Psychological disorder Sexual preference for pre-pubescent children; typically less than 12 years of age Have sexual fantasies but not necessarily act on them Maintains contact with young children at all costs Pedophile vs. Child Molester Child Molester: Different motivations often not of sexual origin; many times just criminal Described as an older person 95% male, 5% female Defined as any type of sexual act with a person who is a child

32. So, who is this and how do you classify her?

33. arsonists What are some descriptors? Dysfunctional family background Attraction to the aftermath of fire Extremely disciplined as a child; to the point of abuse History of running away; truancy

34. Staging Profilers also play an important role in determining if the crime scene was ‘staged’. Staging is when a crime scene is changed to make it appear as if something else happened. Example: A husband kills his wife but trashes the house making it look like a burglary occurred.

35. Trophies and Souvenirs Many criminals take things from the crime scene. Many of these objects can be sold. Serial killers tend to take objects with no monetary value. They choose objects that hold more nostalgic value so they can relive the crime in later fantasies. Objects of all sorts are taken, even body parts.

36. Distinguishing MO from Signature Modus operandi (MO, or method of operation) describes the tools and strategies a criminal uses to commit a crime…. location, tools needed, types of objects taken from the crime, transportation, the perpetrator’s alibi, the perpetrator’s accomplices, etc. They are the things that the perpetrator deems necessary in getting away with the crime.

37. Distinguishing MO from Signature So, what is a signature? A signature is an act that has nothing to do with completing the crime or getting away with it. They are actions that are driven by the killer’s psychological needs and fantasies. Example: Torturing the victim, posing and taking pictures with the victim, taking trophies or souvenirs, writing letters to the police, graffiti etc.

38. Whether there is a multiple killer, child molester, or serial arsonist, there is one common thread that links them all together…. They are all playing out the fantasies that plaque their minds….the demons within.