2. How to write an effective conclusion Also known as putting it all together

3. What is a conclusion? A conclusion is a summary of the experiment. It is putting the hypothesis together with the data and coming up with a conclusion or ending thought. It is a written answer to the original question.

4. So where to start… Every conclusion begins with a topic sentence. In a conclusion, the topic sentence is the restatement of the problem/question.

5. Our conclusion outline T = Restate the Problem

6. Now on to your hypothesis.. Your hypothesis is a star in your power outline. First, restate the hypothesis. What was predicted?

7. Our conclusion outline T=Restate the problem  Restate your hypothesis (It was predicted that…)

8. So was your hypothesis right, wrong or indifferent? Accept or reject your hypothesis Does the data support the hypothesis? If it does-we accept the hypothesis If it doesn ’ t-we reject the hypothesis

9. Now provide evidence Provide actual data in sentence form that backs up your previous statement.

10. Conclusions Three Parts... Interpretation of Data What do all of these numbers mean? Do they make sense? Why or why not? How do the results relate to the topic at hand?

11. Conclusions

12. Remember: To be a Valid Experiment: Two groups are required --- the control & experimental groups There should be only one variable

13. Conclusions – Continued Again Error Analysis what factors skewed your data? how wrong is wrong? Precision vs. Accuracy if your data is accurate it is close to true value if your data is precise it is consistent from trial to trial

14. Precision vs. Accuracy This is precise but not accurate

15. Precision vs. Accuracy This is precise and accurate

16. Our conclusion outline T=Restate the problem  Restate your hypothesis (It was predicted that…) Accept or reject your hypothesis Provide evidence Actual data from the experiment What did the data say?

17. Next What type of relationship was there, if any? How did the independent variable effect the dependent variable? Were there any trends ( changes; increases, decreases in data) or patterns (repeated data that is similar) in the data? Discuss issues, problems or errors with the investigation.

18. Our conclusion outline T=Restate the problem  Restate your hypothesis (It was predicted that…) Accept or reject your hypothesis Provide evidence Actual data from the experiment What did the data say?  Relationships or trends in the data Provide evidence  Issues or problems with the investigation –Provide evidence

19. Yeah! We ’ re almost there….

20. Concluding sentence This sentence should Begin with a transition word To sum it up Clearly In conclusion Obviously Rephrase the original question or problem Remind you why this was important.

21. Our conclusion outline T= Restate Problem  Restate your hypothesis (It was predicted that…) Accept or reject your hypothesis Provide evidence Actual data from the experiment What did the data say?  Relationships or trends in the data Provide evidence  Issues or problems with the investigation –Provide evidence W=Wrap it up! Concluding sentence with transition word, rephrased problem, and explain Concluding sentence with transition word, rephrased problem, and explain why the experiment was important. why the experiment was important.

22. Data Number of Marbles Tissues Held Tissue Brand Trial 1Trial 2Trial 3Average Generic (Public) 6 9 10 8 Puffs 4944 62 52 Kleenex 1014 13 We tested the strength of 3 types of tissues with marbles.

23. More Data Mass of Marbles Tissue Held in Grams Tissue BrandTrial 1 Trial 2Trial 3 Average Generic (Publix’s) 33 g 50 g 55 g 46 g Puffs 270 g242 g341 g284 g Kleenex 55 g 77 g 70 g

24. Mass of Marbles Tissue Held in Grams

25. Results Data from the three trials shows that the Data from the three trials shows that the generic tissue held an average of 8 marbles with a mass of 46 grams. The Puffs tissue held an average of 52 marbles with a mass of 284 grams. The Kleenex tissue held an average of 13 marbles with a mass of 70 grams. generic tissue held an average of 8 marbles with a mass of 46 grams. The Puffs tissue held an average of 52 marbles with a mass of 284 grams. The Kleenex tissue held an average of 13 marbles with a mass of 70 grams.

26. Now you do it….. Write you own conclusion. Make sure you include the three parts: Interpretation of data Evaluate hypothesis Were there errors?

27. Conclusion This project investigated the different costs for tissue and its effect on the tissue quality of having more strength in holding marbles. It was hypothesized that if the Puffs tissues are the most expensive then they are the strongest and will hold the most marbles. The data supports the hypothesis. In all three trials Puffs tissue held the most marbles. Puffs held an average of 52 marbles, which was 39 more marbles than the average 13 that Kleenex held, and was 44 marbles more than the Publix brand’s average of 8 marbles. The average mass of the marbles that the Puffs held was 284 grams. This was 214 more grams than the Kleenex’s mass of 70 gram and 238 more grams than the Publix’s 46 grams. This project investigated the different costs for tissue and its effect on the tissue quality of having more strength in holding marbles. It was hypothesized that if the Puffs tissues are the most expensive then they are the strongest and will hold the most marbles. The data supports the hypothesis. In all three trials Puffs tissue held the most marbles. Puffs held an average of 52 marbles, which was 39 more marbles than the average 13 that Kleenex held, and was 44 marbles more than the Publix brand’s average of 8 marbles. The average mass of the marbles that the Puffs held was 284 grams. This was 214 more grams than the Kleenex’s mass of 70 gram and 238 more grams than the Publix’s 46 grams.

28. Reliability Versus Validity

29. Reliability Reliable data is evidence you can trust. If someone else did the same experiment, they would get the same result. Your evidence will be more reliable if you repeat your readings. For example…

30. Reliability For example: 3 students measure the time for 1 swing of a pendulum: Discuss which method is the most reliable, and why. Jo measures 1 swing. Emma measures 1 swing, but 20 times, and calculates the average (mean) time. Jack measures 20 swings and divides the time by 20. Physics for You page 359

31. Validity Valid data is evidence that is reliable and which is relevant to the question being investigated. Just being reliable evidence is not enough. The evidence has to be relevant as well. For example…

32. Validity Discuss which of the following is valid evidence: Example 2 Yes, this is valid evidence. Measuring the extension of a spring to find the force pulling on it?

33. Validity Discuss which of the following is valid evidence: Example 1 Measuring the length of a magnet to decide its strength? No, this is not valid evidence. A long magnet can be strong or weak, and a short magnet can be strong or weak. NS NS

34. Validity Discuss which of the following is valid evidence: Example 3 Measuring the volume of a firework to find the energy in it? No, this is not valid evidence. A large or a small firework can have a lot of energy or very little energy, depending on the chemicals inside.

35. Secondary evidence is data collected by someone else. I can be consider BIAS or influenced by opinion. Secondary evidence You may find it in a book or on the internet BUT You should always check to see if it is reliable and valid. For example…

36. Secondary evidence is data collected by someone else. Secondary evidence Example 1 Some data on the pollution from a car is published by the car manufacturer. Would you trust this evidence, without further data?

37. Secondary evidence is data collected by someone else. Secondary evidence Example 2 Some data on the radiation emitted from a mobile phone is published by the phone company. Would you trust this evidence, without further data?