1. 1. What does DNA stand for? Deoxyribonucleic acid 2. What is one difference between DNA and RNA? T vs U; 23 strand vs 21; deoxyribose vs ribose sugar 3. What type of bonds occur between amino acids in proteins? Peptide 4. What is formed during transcription? mRNA 5. What makes up the “rungs” of the double helix ladder? Nitrogen bases and hydrogen bonds 6. What are the three parts of a nucleotide? Phosphate group, sugar, nitrogenous base

2. 7. What DNA sequence matches the mRNA codon AUG? TAC 8. What differentiates DNA nucleotides? Nitrogen bases: Adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine 9. What is the difference between a purine and pyrimidine? Purine – double ring of C and N Pyrimidine – single ring of C and N 10. What is responsible for unzipping the DNA strands during replication? An enzyme: DNA helicase

3. 11. What codons do not code for any amino acids? STOP codons 12. What is the process of making proteins from DNA and mRNA called? Translation 13. What type of bond forms between nitrogen bases? Hydrogen 14. What is the function of mRNA? Transmit information (/recipe/gene) from the DNA to make proteins 15. What is a codon and where is it found? 3 sequential nitrogen bases on mRNA

4. 16. What types of RNA are involved in translation? mRNA, tRNA, rRNA 17. What is responsible for pairing the free nucleotides on the new DNA strands? Enzyme: DNA polymerase 18. Where is mRNA made in the cell? Nucleus 19. What type of RNA carries amino acids? tRNA 20. mRNA leaves the nucleus through what structure? Nuclear pores

5. 21. Given the following DNA sequence, what is the amino acid sequence, show your steps to find this. AAT TCC CGC GAT TCG AAA UUA AGG GCG CUA AGC UUU mRNA Leucine Arginine Alanine Leucine Serine Phenylalanine AAU UCC CGC GAU UCG AAA tRNA

6. 22. Which type of mutation will create the most change in a reading frame? frameshift 23. If a DNA molecule is composed of 15% Thymine, what is the percentage of each of the other bases? A=15%C= 35%G=35% 24. These two scientists created a model based up Rosalind Franklin’s work. Watson and Crick 25.According to base pairing rules, in RNA, adenine will always pair with which other nucleotide? Uracil

7. 26. How would you write the genotype for an organism that is homozygous dominant for a given trait? Two capital letters 27. How would you write a genotype for an organism that is heterozygous for a given trait? One capital and One lower case 28. What would the probability be for two heterozygous individuals to have a homozygous recessive offspring? 25% 29. What would the genotypic ratio be for the offspring produced from a cross between two organisms, each heterozygous for TWO traits? 9:3:3:1

8. 30. If a man has hemophilia and marries a woman who is a carrier for hemophilia, what percent of all the children would have hemophilia? (rememebr that hemophilia is a sex linked disrorder) 50% of the offspring would have hemophilia 31. If a normal vision man marries a woman who is a carrier for color blindness, what percent of the daughters would be colorblind? What percent of the males would be colorblind? 0% females; 50% males 32. When a red snapdragon flower is crossed with a white snapdragon, pink flowers are produced. What pattern of inheritance has occurred? incomplete dominance

9. 33. When a red snapdragon flower is crossed with a white snapdragon, pink flowers are produced. Using “R” allele = red and “W” allele = white, what percent of the offspring will look like the parents if two pink flowers are crossed? 50% 34. Blood types are created through multiple alleles, A, B, and O. What are the potential genotypes for Type A and Type B blood? AA, AO and BB, BO 35. What would the genotypes be for type AB and type O blood? AB and OO

10. 36. If a man with type O blood marries a woman, heterozygous for type B blood, what percent of the offspring will have the father’s phenotype? 50% 37. In codominance, both alleles will be expressed in the phenotype. Using that pattern of inheritance, what would you expect the offspting to look like if a pure black dog was crossed with a white dog? White with black spots (or reverse)

11. 38. What is the name of he process that develops gametes? meiosis 39. How many times must the DNA replicate in mitosis and meiosis? only once 40. When do homologous chromosomes separate in meiosis? Anaphase 1 41. At which phase does crossing over occur? Prophase 1

12. 42. How many chromosomes are in every somatic cell? 23 pairs (or 46) 43. How many autosomes are present in every body cell? 22 pairs 43. What are the chromosomes that determine gender? sex chromosomes (x and y) 44. What name is given to two chromosomes that are similar in size and shape and code for the same traits? homologous 45. Gametes are called haploid cells because they have ___________ set(s) of chromosomes. one

13. 46. How are alleles, genes, and traits related? alleles are the alternate forma of a gene which determine a trait 47. How are alleles, genotype, and phenotype related? one allele from each parent make up the genotype which determine the phenotype 48. What is the term used for an allele that can mask or cover up another allele? dominant

14. 49. What amino acid does the mRNA AAU code for? Asparagine 50. What amino acid does the tRNA UGC code for? Threonine 51. What amino acid does the DNA TTA code for? Asparagine

15. 52.Explain the key difference between Metaphase in mitosis and Metaphase 1 in meiosis. Homologous chromosomes line up in Metaphase of meiosis 1, but alone in Metaphase of mitosis 53.In which phase of Meiosis do sister chromatids pull apart? Anaphase II 54.Gregor Mendel, the “father” of genetics had two laws – 1. name them and 2. describe them 1, Law of Independent Assortment and Law of Segregations 2. Law of Ind Asst = separation of alleles completely random and Law of Segregation = alleles separate into gametes randomly