1. WORLD OF LIVING ORGANISMS

2. Why has it taken too many years to reveal structure of cell? Insufficient microscobe technology Usage of observation instead of scientific investigation

4. CELL THEORY All organisms are made up of one or more cells Cells are the structural and functional unit of organisms. Cells are fromed from the division of preexisting cells. Cells include genetic material and transmit it to the next generation(offspring). Cells are the places where metabolic activities occur.

5.  Robert HOOK 1665

6.  Anton van Leeuwenhoek

7.  Cells can live by themselves. If we destroy cells into organelles, they can’t live.  So cells are the simplest structural and functional unit of organisms.

8. Different cells have different structures and functions.

12. Organisms are grouped into 2 according to cell number. Unicellular or multicellular.

15. Cells are grouped into 2 according to structure: 1.Prokaryotes: No membrane around nucleus(no nucleus) No membraned organelles. (have only ribosome as organelle) 1 Circular DNA is found in cytoplasm (bacteria, archaea, cyanobacteria)

16. All metabolic activities occur in cytoplasm or in cell membrane

17. 2. Eukaryotes: Have membrane around nucleus(have nucleus). DNA is in the nucleus Have membrane organelles (unicellular- amoeba, paramecium, Multicellular- Fungi, plants, animals)

18. Common properties of prokaryotes and eukaryotes  Cell membrane  Cytoplasm  Ribosome  Genetic material  And enzymes

19. Parts of the EUKARYOTIC CELL Cell membrane Nucleus Cytoplasm Cell wall : 1.Cell membrane 2. Cytoplasm and organelles 3. Nucleus

20.  Cell needs to survive and reproduce  To survive, organisms need to get energy  They have to produce new molecules  They have to destroy harmful materials  They store unnecessary molecules  They package and transport molecules  They are protected by membrane  They should be supported Nucleus mitochondria Ribosomes Endoplasmic reticulum Lysosome Vacuole Golgi body Cell membrane Cytoskeleton Responsible Organelle or structure

21. Enlarges image formed by objective lens Magnifies specimen, forming primary image Eyepiece Focuses light through specimen Ocular lens Specimen Objective lens Condenser lens Light source

22. Human height Length of some nerve and muscle cells 10 m Frog egg Chicken egg Unaided eye 1 m 100 mm (10 cm) 10 mm (1 cm) 1 mm Light microscope Electron microscope 100 nm 100 µm 10 µm 1 µm Most plant and animal cells Viruses Nucleus Most bacteria Mitochondrion 10 nm Lipids Ribosome Proteins Mycoplasmas (smallest bacteria) 1 nm Small molecules 0.1 nm Atoms

23. 4.2 Most cells are microscopic  The surface area of a cell is important for carrying out the cell’s functions, such as acquiring adequate food and oxygen. –A small cell has large surface area relative to its cell volume and is more efficient

24. 30 µm 10 µm Surface area of one large cube = 5,400 µm 2 Total surface area of 27 small cubes = 16,200 µm 2

25. Cells are divided into two groups according to structure Prokaryotic cellEukaryotic cell Has no membrane around DNA, no nucleus Has a membrane around DNA and have nucleus DNA is in cytoplasmDNA is in nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts in plants Ribosome is the only organelle It has all kinds of organelles (with and without membrane) Ex: bacteriaEx: animal, fungi, amoeba

26. Nucleoid Ribosomes Plasma membrane Cell wall Capsule Flagella Bacterial chromosome Pili 4.3 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells

27. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Rough endoplasmic reticulum CYTOSKELETON: NUCLEUS: Nuclear envelope Chromosomes Nucleolus Ribosomes Golgi apparatus Plasma membrane Mitochondrion Peroxisome Centriole Lysosome Microtubule Intermediate filament Microfilament

28. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Rough endoplasmic reticulum CYTOSKELETON: NUCLEUS: Nuclear envelope Chromosome Nucleolus Ribosomes Golgi apparatus Plasma membrane Mitochondrion Peroxisome Cell wall Central vacuole Microtubule Intermediate filament Microfilament Cell wall of adjacent cell Chloroplast Plasmodesmata