1. Residential/Commercial Carbon Emissions Nationally and on the Danforth Campus

2. Residential/Commericial Causality

3. Housing Occupancy Housing Occupancy has gone from 5 people/house in 1900 to 2.7 people/house in 2000

4. House Size

5. Heating Energy Usage

6. Heating Energy Usage - Climate

7. Air Conditioning Energy Usage

8. Air Conditioning Energy Usage - Type

9. Air Conditioning Energy Usage - Climate

10. Electricity Carbon Emission Factor

11. Air Conditioning Causality Cooling BTU/Sq ft. drastically reduced from 1990 and electric emissions slightly better mix nationally – therefore carbon emissions reduced

12. National Res/Com Electricity Use Summary Blue- Base energy Use Fraction Pink – Energy Use Heat Yellow-Energy Use Cool

13. Appliances

15. Linear Causality Model for Campus Carbon Emissions The carbon impact of on-campus energy is due to direct fuel consumption and indirectly from electricity use The overall carbon impact for on campus energy consumption has increased 50% from 1990-2007 Electricity use contributed about 80 percent to the on-campus carbon impact Population Students Activities $ Expend./yr Buildings Sq. Ft Fuel Cons. BTU/yr C Emission Ton C/yr Fuel Cons. BTU/yr C Emission Ton C/yr Electr. Cons Kw-Hr/yr $/StudentSq. Ft./$BTU/Sq.Ft. Kw-hr/Sq.Ft. BTU/Kw-hr Carbon/BTU

16. Danforth Campus Population The population is driven by student population From 1990-2005 the population has fluctuated with one decade of decline and one decade of growth. Overall there has been a 10% increase in student population

17. University Expenditures Expenditures adjusted for inflation include: Instruction, Research, Academic, Student and Institutional support, Scholarships/Fellowships, and Operation and Maintenance of Physical Plant University Expenditures increased by 70% between 1990-2005; Research expenditures increased by 100% over the same time period. Expenditures are a measure of prosperity since the University cannot spend money that it doesn’t have. 60% increase 70% increase

18. 1990 vs. 2006 Main Campus Site Map

19. Monthly Total Fuel Use Monthly natural gas use on Danforth campus from 1997 to 2007

20. Seasonal Fuel Use Fuel use peaks in the winter

21. Fuel Yearly Increase Baseline fuel use has increased ~65% since 1997 Heating fuel use has decreased ~10% since 1997 65% -10%

22. Fuel Use Compared to Building Area Fuel used per unit area for heating has decreased, ~30% less fuel is used per unit area Baseline fuel use has increased 25% more than building area

23. Fuel Use Distribution Residential area built in 2001 Hot water heating requirements can easily be reduced Heating needs are major use of fuel and not easily reduced

24. Monthly Total Electricity Use Monthly data for Danforth campus electricity use Data for 1996-2000 is incomplete and not shown above

25. Seasonal Electricity Use Electricity use peaks in the summer

26. Electricity Yearly Increase Baseline electricity use has increased ~60% since 1990 Cooling electricity use has increased ~40% since 1990 60%40%

27. Electricity Use Compared to Building Area Electricity used per unit area for cooling has not increased significantly Baseline electricity use has increased 15% more than building area Increase in baseline electricity use per unit area due to increased computer and electronics use

28. Electricity Use Distribution Electronic devices account for ~25% of 2007 electricity use Lighting and electronics account for a large portion of electricity use and reductions can easily be made in this area Reductions in cooling are more difficult to implement

29. The student population increased only by 10% since 1990 However, the expenditures/student have increased by 60 percent The buildings/expenditure has barely changed and the increased expenditures were matched by 60% growth in campus building area Neither the energy use/sq ft nor the C emission/energy use has changed much Hence, the key driver for the 60% carbon emission growth were the increased expenditures (prosperity) and the associated growth in the physical campus expansion.

30. On to the DUC What are the energy streams coming into the DUC What are the purposes of the DUC –Food –Offices –??? How to apportion the total energy use to these purposes?