1. TOPIC 3
COLONIALIZATION
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2. ? COLONIALIZATION 1. 2. 3.
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3. OBJECTIVE OF THE TOPIC TO GIVE A KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING ABOUT THE
BRIEF HISTORY OF COLONIZATION IN MALAYA
TO DISCUSS THE IMPACT OF COLONIALIZATION IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF MALAYSIA IN TERM OF THE BUILDING OF MALAYSIAN NATION STATE
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4. DEFINITION
COLONIALISM IS A PRACTICE OF DOMINATION, WHICH INVOLVES SUBJUGATION OF ONE PEOPLE TO ANOTHER.
THESE WORD IS SYNONYM WITH “IMPERIALISM” MEANS POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC CONTROL OVER THE INDEPENDENT COUNTRY.
MAINTANING THE LOYALTY TO THEIR COUNTRY (MOTHER LAND).
In political sciences, there are two types of colonial power:
1. Classical colonial power- Roman, Persian and Siamese power.
2. Modern colonial power- Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, British and Japanese.
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5. …DEFINITION
THE TERM OF “COLONY” COMES FROM THE LATIN WORD “COLONUS” MEAN “FARMER”.
AT THE FIRST STAGE OF COLONIALISM PROCESS USUALLY INVOLVED THE TRANSFER OF POPULATION TO A NEW TERITORY WHERE THE NEW ARRIVALS LIVED AS PERMENANT RESIDENT
BECOME A DOMINANT
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6. … DEFINITION
IMPERIALISM-COMES FROM LATIN TERM “IMPERIUM” MEANING TO COMMAND.
ONE POWER/COUNTRY EXERCISE THEIR POWER OVER ANOTHER.
THROUGH SETTLEMENT, SOVEREIGNITY, OR INDIRECT MECHANISMS OF CONTROL SUCH AS A INVOLVEMENT IN POLITIC.
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7. FACTORS THAT ENCOURAGE IMPERIALISM
ETHNOCENTRIC-FEELING PROUD OF THEIR OWN NATION.
JINGOISME-CONCEPT relate WITH “WHITES MAN BURDEN”.
RELIGION-COMPETITION BETWEEN CATHOLIC AND PROTESTANT.
GREAT POWER AMBITION-RIVALRY AMONG EUROPEAN POWERS.
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8. ETHNOCENTRIC
Tendency to believe that one's ethnic or cultural group is centrally important, and that all other groups are measured in relation to one's own. The ethnocentric individual will judge other groups relative to his or her own particular ethnic group or culture, especially with concern to language, behavior, customs, and religion
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9. JINGOISM
Extreme and emotional nationalism, or chauvinism, often characterized by an aggressive foreign policy, accompanied by an eagerness to wage war.
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10. “…WHAT IS WHITE MAN BURDEN”
ORIGINALLY FROM POET BY BRITISH POET RUDYARD KIPLING.
A EURO-CENTRIC ANALYSIS WHICH IT VIEW THE WORLD, IN WHICH NON- EUROPEAN CULTURES AS SEEN AS CHILDISH.
PHRASE “WHITE-MAN BURDEN” AS A CHARACTERIZATION FOR IMPERIALISM TO JUSTIFIED THE POLICY AS A NOBLE ENTEPRISE.
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11. FACTORS THAT ENCOURAGE COLONIALISM (IN GENERAL)
GOD- RELIGIOUS DUTY TO SPREAD CHRISTIANITY.
GLORY-VICTORIOUS AND RIVALRY AMONG EUROPEAN POWERS TO DOMINATE A NEW TERITORIES.
GOLD-RESOURCES FROM NEW COLONY.
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12. COLONIZATION IN MALAYA
Siamese
( )
Portugese
( )
Dutch
( )
Malacca
British
( )
Pangkor Treaty
The whole Malaya
Japanese
( )
During 2nd World War
Whole Malaya
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13. FACTORS OF COLONIZATION
Geography
Natural Resources
New Market for European industrial product
Military Base
Legend of Prester John
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14. PORTUGUESE EMPIRE
During the 16th century, Portugal marked its presence in the four corners of the world. She dominated the Occidental and Oriental Coast of Africa, most of the Indian Ocean, the Far East and South America where Brazil was mapped. It took a hundred years of Portuguese maritime expansion to build a colossal empire of vast geographical dimension (M.J. Pintado, 1993; xvi).
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15. PORTUGUESE OVERSEAS EMPIRE (ULTRAMAR PORTUGUÊSE)
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16. CHARLES MAURICE DE TALLEYRAND
“EMPIRE IS THE ART OF PUTTING MAN IN THEIR PLACE.”
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17. PORTUGUESE COLONIZATION
ALFONSO DE ALBUQUERQUE TOOK OVER MALACCA IN 1511.
MAIN REASON : WAS TO CONTROL THE MARITIME TRADE IN EAST & TO SPREAD CHRISTIANITY.
THE MOST IMPACT WAS THE DOWNFALL OF 100 YEARS MALAY KINGDOM OF MALACCA.
BUT PORTUGUESE FAILED TO SPREAD THE CHRISTIAN RELIGION AMONG LOCAL PEOPLE.
THEY ALSO FACED THE MALAYS RESISTENCE FOR A SEVERAL TIMES FROM
THEY LEAVED THE PORTUGUESE COMMUNITY IN MALACCA CALLED PORTUGUESE MALACCA.
“CASADOS”-PORTUGUESE MAN WHO IS MARRIED WITH LOCAL WOMAN.
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18. CASADOS-PORTUGIS MALACCA
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19. DUTCH COLONIZATION MAINLY MALACCA,
DID NOT LEAVE MANY TRACES, FOCUSED ON COLONIZATION INDONESIA.
WAS OPPOSED BY THE MALAYS, WHO FREQUENTLY RECEIVED HELP FROM BUGIS.
IN 1824, THEY AGREED TO ASSIGN MALACCA TO BRITISH BY ANGLO- DUTCH TREATY.
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20. DUTCH EMPIRE
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21. DUTCH COLONIZATION TOWARDS MALACCA
“In fact the Dutch had captured Malacca not to use it themselves, but to prevent it being used by someone else. Once they possessed the city its lost its main importance.” Ryan (1963; 58),
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22. JAPANESE COLONIZATION
DURING THE 2ND WOLRD WAR AS A MEMBER OF AXIS POWER IN PACIFIC REGION.
COLONIZED THE ENTIRE COUNTRY IN 89 DAYS.
THE MOST IMPACT- A GREAT ETHNIC CLASH BETWEEN MALAYS AND CHINESE.
- TYRANICAL POLICY TOWARDS CHINESE ON THE OTHER HAND MORE LIBERAL WITH MALAYS IN TERM OF THEY NEED A SUPPORT FROM LOCAL PEOPLE TO MAINTANING THEIR POWER.
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23. The Occupation of Japanese
The Japanese Empire commenced the Pacific War with the invasion of Kota Bharu in Kelantan on 8 December 1941 at 00:25, about 90 minutes before the attack of Pearl Harbour in Hawaii at 07:48 on 7 December Hawaii time, or 01:48 on 8 December Malayan time. They then invaded the island of Borneo in mid December 1941, landing on the west coast near Miri in Sarawak; invasion was completed by 23 January 1942 when they landed in Balikpapan in Dutch Borneo on the east coast. During the occupation an estimated 100,000 people were killed.
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24. JAPANESE OCCUPATION
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25. IMPACT
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26. DEATH RAILWAY-TRANS BURMA
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27. …. DEATH RAILWAY
The Burma Railway, also known as the Death Railway, the Thailand-Burma Railway and similar names, is a 415 km (258 mile) railway between Bangkok and Ranggon , built by the Japan during WW II to support its forces in the Burma champain.
Force labours was used in its construction. About 180,000 Asian labourers and 60,000 Allied Prisons of War (POWs) worked on the railway. Of these, around 90,000 Asian labourers and 16,000 Allied POWs died as a direct result of the project. The dead POWs included 6,318 British personnel, 2,815 Australians, 2,490 Dutch, about 356 American and a smaller number of Canadians and New Zealander.
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28. DEATH RAILWAY OVER KWAI RIVER
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29. BRITISH COLONIZATION
In 1824, British hegemony in Malaya was formalised by the Anglo-Dutch Treaty.
In these treaty, Dutch evacuated Malacca and renounced all interest in Malaya, while the British recognised Dutch rule over the rest of East Indies.
British colonialization was the LONGEST COLONIZATION period AMONG OUTSIDE POWERS TOWARDS Malaysia.
COLONIZED THE WHOLE OF PENINSULA Malaysia.
SIGNIFICANT INFLUENCE on socio-politic and economic aspects in Malaysia after independence.
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30. WHY BRITISH COLONIZED MALAYSIA
ECONOMIC FACTORS/NATURAL RESOURCES:
MALAYA AS A MAIN PRODUCER OF IMPORTANT NATURAL RESOURCES SUCH AS TIN.
THREAT AND COMPETITION FACTORS:
STRUGGLES TO GAIN A NEW LAND AND RESOURCES AMONG THE GREAT POWERS ESPECIALLY IN ASIA AND AFRICA.
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31. … CONTINUE POLITICAL PROBLEMS / INTERNAL FACTORS IN MALAYA.
FRENCH WAS ALREADY IN INDOCHINA.
GERMAN STARTED TO HELD BORNEO.
AMERICA WAS ALREADY IN PHILIPPINES.
POLITICAL PROBLEMS / INTERNAL FACTORS IN MALAYA.
THE internal conflict AMONG MALAY STATES because of THE FRACTION BETWEEN THE RULERS OR PRINCES IN A STRUGGLE OF encourage the British intervention in the Malay state likes Kedah, Perak and Selangor.
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32. … CONTINUE CHANGING LEADERSHIP IN BRITAIN.
CONSERVETIVE GOVERNMENT WHO JUST WON THE ELECTION WAS CHANGING THEIR POLICY TOWARDS COLONIALIZATION.
THE NEW POLICY WAS MORE OPEN IN THE MATTER OF INVOLVEMENT IN ANY INTERNAL PROBLEMS IN MALAY STATES.
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33. … CONTINUE ACTION TO STOP ANY ACTIVITY OF TRADE SABOTAGE IN MALAYA
ESPECIALLY THE PIRATES ACTIVITIES ALONG THE MALAYA PENINSULAR COASTAL.
THE FIGHTING BETWEEN CHINESE secret societies – GHEE HIN AND HAI SAN IN PERAK.
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34. CHINESE SECRET SOCIATIES-GHEE HIN
The Ghee Hin Kongsi (simplified Chinese: 义 兴公司; traditional Chinese: 義興公司; pinyin: yìxīng gōngsī) is a secret society in Singapore and Malaya, formed in Ghee Hin literally means "the rise of righteousness" in Chinese.
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35. Hai San
The Hai San (Chinese: 海山) Society which had its origins in Southern China[1] was a Penang-based Chinese secret society established around and in 1825 led by Low, Ah Chong[2] and Hoh Akow (also spelt Ho Ah Kow or Hok Ah Keow), its titular head. At that time the society's headquarters was located at Beach Street (Ujong Passir).[
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36. BRITISH POLICIES
The most popular strategy used by British to manipulated Malaya was “divide and ruled policy”.
To uniform the administration in Malaya, British divide the Malay region in 3 administrative system;
MALAY FEDERATED STATES- West Malayan states
UNFEDERATED STATES- Kedah, Kelantan, Terengganu & Pahang
STRAITS SETTLEMENT- Malacca, Penang and Singapore
B. IMIGRANT peoples FROM INDIA AND CHINA with a Kanchu System and Kangani System.
They work in RUBBER ESTATE AND TIN MINES.
MAIN FACTOR FOR PLURALISM AND MULTI-CULTURAL SOCIETY.
Plural society is a most significant impact of British colonialization in Malaya.
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37. BRITISH POLICIES-ADMINISTRATION
UNFEDERATED STATES
(KEDAH, Kelantan, Terengganu & Pahang)
STRAITS SETTLEMENT (MALACCA, PENANG & SINGAPORE)
MALAY FEDERATED STATES
(WEST MALAYAN STATES)
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38. ADMINISTRATION: British Residents
According to Pangkor Treaty, Malay Sultan agree to accepted a British Residents as a advisor in all administrative matters except in Malay custom and Islamic religion.
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39. IMMIGRANT POLICY KANCHU SYSTEM KANGANI SYSTEM
For Chinese Immigrant from China
Work at tin mines
At 1900 the total of Chinese in Malaya are 800,000 peoples.
They owned 300.,000 hektar of rubber plantation in 1930s
KANGANI SYSTEM
For Indian Immigrant from India
Work as a rubber tapper in rubber estet
At 1900 the total of Indian in Malaya are 267,000 peoples.
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40. THE IMPACT: Plural Society
Fredrik Bath- Plural society combining ethnic contrasts.
J.S. Furnivall- Medley of peoples – European, Chinese, Indian and native, who do mix but not combine. Each group holds by its their own religion, culture ang language. They also struggle in their own political entity and their own ideas and the way of life.
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41. …CONTINUE
EDUCATION POLICY- DUE TO MULTI CULTURAL SOCIETY, BRITISH INTRODUCED VERNACULAR EDUCATION SYSTEM.
BECAME A GREAT PROBLEM FOR MALAYAN UNITY.
SETTLEMENT POLICY-PEOPLE WERE LOCATED BASED ON THEIR RACIAL IDENTITY- NO INTERACTION BETWEEN THEM AND THIS PHYSICAL DISTANCE WAS AMONG THE MANY CAUSES FOR THE INCREASING SOCIAL GAP BETWEEN THEM.
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42. … CONTINUE C. ECONOMIC POLICY
MODERN ECONOMIC POLICY REPLACED THE TRADITIONAL ECONOMIC.
COLONIALIZATION ECONOMIC POLICY-GAINED AS MUCH AS THEY CAN TO MONOPOLISED IT.
TO FULFILL British ECONOMIC NEED.
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43. IMPACT OF COLONIALIZATION
HOMOGENEUS SOCIETY TO HETROGENEUS SOCIETY.
MODERN ECONOMIC SYSTEM.
WESTMINSTER POLITIC SYSTEM- BECOME A DEMOCRATIC SYSTEM
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44. CONCLUSION
BRITISH FOUND EFFICIENCY IN IMPOSING A UNIVERSALIST POLICY TOWARDS THEIR COLONIES IN :
BRITISH LAW IMPOSED ON BRITISH COLONIES
ENGLISH LANGUAGE AS A LINGUA FRANCA THOROUGHOUT BRITISH EMPIRE
CULTURAL AND RELIGIOUS PRACTICE- CHRISTIANITY AMONG PRIBUMI /INDIGENIOUS
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