1. CML-IE 3 november 2010WPF short-lived non-CO 2 climate forcers Environmental Impacts of Food and Agriculture World Preservation Foundation Event “Leaders Preserving our Future” 3 november 2010, London Ester van der Voet CML, Leiden University

2. CML-IE 3 november 2010WPF short-lived non-CO 2 climate forcers Contents UNEP Resource Panel: “Assessing the Environmental impacts of Production and Consumption” (Hertwich et al., 2010) Contribution of agriculture/food to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and other impacts is significant Options to reduce difficult to realise Diet change is most effective, and with least side- effects

3. CML-IE 3 november 2010WPF short-lived non-CO 2 climate forcers Contribution of agriculture to GHG- emissions Agriculture especially relevant for non-CO 2 GHG emissions CH 4 (methane) from cattle and rice fields: 1 kg CH 4 = 25 kg CO 2 -eq N 2 O (laughing gas) from soils: 1 kg N 2 O = 298 kg CO 2 -eq Associated with CO 2 emissions as well: energy input in agricultural chain, esp. via fertiliser Other environmental impacts, especially land and water use

4. CML-IE 3 november 2010WPF short-lived non-CO 2 climate forcers Contribution of agriculture to GHG- emissions Consumption categories (excluding LUC; source: UNEP, 2010)

5. CML-IE 3 november 2010WPF short-lived non-CO 2 climate forcers Contribution of agriculture to environmental impacts Materials (source: UNEP 2010)

6. CML-IE 3 november 2010WPF short-lived non-CO 2 climate forcers Contribution of agriculture to GHG- emissions Agricultural products (source: Ecoinvent, 2004)

7. CML-IE 3 november 2010WPF short-lived non-CO 2 climate forcers Contribution of agriculture to GHG- emissions Agricultural products (FAO, 2005 and Ecoinvent, 2004)

8. CML-IE 3 november 2010WPF short-lived non-CO 2 climate forcers Share of animal products Destination of produced cereals, world (FAO, 2005) crop-to-animal product ratio: 10 kg/kg

9. CML-IE 3 november 2010WPF short-lived non-CO 2 climate forcers Share of animal products Consumption of meat, world, 1961 – 2007 (source: FAO)

10. CML-IE 3 november 2010WPF short-lived non-CO 2 climate forcers Contribution of agriculture to GHG- emissions Agriculture large contributor to global environmental impacts … … including, but not limited to, GHG emissions Important and increasing share of animal products To some extent, inevitable We have to eat Agriculture exceptional sector in many ways Options: Lower input Increase efficiency Change diet

11. CML-IE 3 november 2010WPF short-lived non-CO 2 climate forcers Options to change diets Differences between regions (source: FAO, 2010)

12. CML-IE 3 november 2010WPF short-lived non-CO 2 climate forcers Could animal consumption be reduced? Wide variety in meat consumption within regions (source: Odegard, from FAO, 2010)

13. CML-IE 3 november 2010WPF short-lived non-CO 2 climate forcers Conclusions Agriculture / food significant contributor to environmental impacts Animal products important share Meat consumption increasing Wide variety in meat consumption between and within regions Substantial environmental benefits from diet changes

14. CML-IE 3 november 2010WPF short-lived non-CO 2 climate forcers Changing diets GHG emissions of meals (based on Ecoinvent, 2004)

15. CML-IE 3 november 2010WPF short-lived non-CO 2 climate forcers Agriculture exceptional sector GHG emissions vs expenditure (source: UNEP, 2010)