1. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Reproductive System of the Male

2. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Reproductive System Reproductive system functions: Gamete production Storage Nourishment Transport Fertilization Fusion of male and female gametes to form a zygote

3. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Testes Testes are male gonads. Purpose is to produce male gametes (sperm).

4. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Located in scrotom, outpouching of abdomen Keep sperm at a temperature just below 98.6 F(36.2 C) Temperature controlled by cremaster muscle: Pulls testes close to body when temp is low

5. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Testes are paired, oval structures about size of olives Each surrounded by 2 layers (tunics) Begin development inside abdomen. Descend into scrotum through inguinal canals in last 3 months of development.

6. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings In Fetus, Testes form in abdominal cavity

7. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Each testicle divided into about 300 compartment – lobules. Each lobule contains 1 – 4 seminiferous tubules that contain spermatogonia Stem cells involved in spermatogenesis

8. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

9. Figure 28.5 The Seminiferous Tubules Figure 28.5c

10. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Spermatogenesis Production of sperm Diploid (2N) stem called called spermatogonia  haploid (1N) sperm through meiosis

11. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 28.7 Spermatogenesis Figure 28.7

12. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 28.8 Figure 28.8 Spermiogenesis and Spermatozoon Structure

13. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Mature sperm structures Head (contains DNA), midpiece (contain mitochondria) and tail (flagella)

14. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Sperm are nourished by Sertoli (sustentacular) cells Connected to each other by tight junctions. Protect developing sperm from body’s immune system. Spaces between seminiferous tubules secrete testosterone.

15. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

16. Male Reproductive System Structures Pathway of spermatozoa Epididymis Ductus deferens (Vas deferens) Ejaculatory duct Accessory organs Seminal vesicles Prostate gland Bulbourethral glands Scrotal sac encloses testes Penis

17. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 28.1 The Male Reproductive System Figure 28.1

18. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 28.3 Figure 28.3 The Male Reproductive System in Anterior View

19. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 28.4 The Structure of the Testes Figure 28.4

20. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 28.5 The Seminiferous Tubules Figure 28.5a, b

21. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Testes produce mature spermatozoa Sperm enter epididymus Elongated tubule with head, body and tail regions Monitors and adjusts fluid in seminiferous tubules Stores and protects spermatozoa Facilitates functional maturation of spermatozoa Male reproductive tract

22. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 28.9 The Epididymus Figure 28.9

23. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Seminal vesicles Active secretory gland Contributes ~60% total volume of semen Secretions contain fructose, prostaglandins, fibrinogen Accessory glands

24. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Prostate gland Secretes slightly acidic prostate fluid Bulbourethral glands Secrete alkaline mucus with lubricating properties Accessory glands

25. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 28.10a-e Figure 28.10 The Ductus Deferens and Accessory Glands

26. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Typical ejaculate = 2-5 ml fluid Contains between 20 – 100 million spermatozoa per ml Seminal fluid A distinct ionic and nutritive glandular secretion Contents of Semen

27. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 28.11 Figure 28.11 The Penis

28. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings FSH (Follicle stimulating hormone) Targets sustentacular cells to promote spermatogenesis LH (leutinizing hormone) Causes secretion of testosterone and other androgens GnRH (Gonadotropin releasing hormone) Testosterone Most important androgen Hormones and male reproductive function Animation: Male Reprroductive System Flythrough PLAY

29. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 28.12 Figure 28.12 Hormonal Feedback and the Regulation of the Male Reproductive Function

30. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Reproductive System of the Female

31. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Principle organs of the female reproductive system Ovaries Uterine tubes Uterus Vagina

32. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 28.13 Figure 28.13 The Female Reproductive System

33. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 28.14a, b Figure 28.14 The Ovaries and Their Relationships to the Uterine Tube and Uterus

34. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Ovum production Precursors to eggs made in uterus before birth. Occurs monthly in ovarian follicles Part of ovarian cycle Follicular phase (preovulatory) Luteal phase (postovulatory) Oogenesis

35. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 28.15 Figure 28.15 Oogenesis

36. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 28.16 Figure 28.16 The Ovarian Cycle – series of events associated with maturation of ovum.

37. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 28.16 Figure 28.16 The Ovarian Cycle

38. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 28.17a-c Figure 28.17 The Uterine Tubes

39. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscular organ Mechanical protection Nutritional support Waste removal for the developing embryo and fetus Supported by the broad ligament and 3 pairs of suspensory ligaments The uterus

40. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Myometrium – outer muscular layer Endometrium – a thin, inner, glandular mucosa Perimetrium – an incomplete serosa continuous with the peritoneum Uterine wall consists of three layers:

41. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 28.18a, b Figure 28.18 The Uterus

42. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 28.18c Figure 28.18 The Uterus

43. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 28.19a Figure 28.19 The Uterine Wall

44. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 28.19b Figure 28.19 The Uterine Wall

45. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Repeating series of changes in the endometrium Continues from menarche to menopause Menses Degeneration of the endometrium Menstruation Proliferative phase Restoration of the endometrium Secretory phase Endometrial glands enlarge and accelerate their rates of secretion Uterine cycle – series of events associated with changes in uterus.

46. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 28.20 Figure 28.20 The Uterine Cycle

47. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Vulva Vestibule Labia minora and majora Paraurethral glands Clitoris Lesser and greater vestibular glands External genitalia

48. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 28.22 Figure 28.22 The Female External Genitalia

49. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 28.23a-c Figure 28.23 The Mammary Glands

50. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Control the reproductive cycle Coordinate the ovarian and uterine cycles Hormones of the female reproductive cycle

51. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Key hormones include: FSH Stimulates follicular development LH Maintains structure and secretory function of corpus luteum Estrogens Have multiple functions Progesterones Stimulate endometrial growth and secretion Hormones of the female reproductive cycle

52. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 28.25 Figure 28.25 The Hormonal Regulation of Ovarian Activity

53. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 28.26a-c Figure 28.26 The Hormonal Regulation of the Female Reproductive Cycle

54. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 28.26d-f Figure 28.26 The Hormonal Regulation of the Female Reproductive Cycle Animation: Regulation of the Female Reproductive Cycle PLAY