1. numen/numina Janus, god of the house door Vesta, goddess of the hearth Jupiter, king of the gods Penates, household deities of the pantry Lares, spirits of the farmland in which ancestors buried

2. Jupiter = ZeusVesta = Hestia Jupiter - symbol of Roman state, giver of victory, spirit of law and justice Mars - protector of crops and herds, god of war and defender of state Juno - wife of Jupiter, queen of the gods Minerva - goddess of arts and crafts

3. Public Cults: Janus  god of sacred gateway at north-east corner of forum Vesta  goddess of sacred hearth kept burning by Vestal Virgins Jupiter and Mars as patrons of Rome’s external power pax deorum (peace with the gods)

4. Various priesthoods, incl. Pontiffs - administrators, headed by pontifex maximus Augurs - readers of omens

5. 196 BC Priesthood known as epulones created to oversee public entertainments 186 BC Heavy restrictions placed on followers of Bacchus (Gk. Dionysus)

6. Augustus’ displays of piety: Moral reforms Resurrecting priesthoods and ceremonies Repair of all (82) temples in Rome in 28 BC Pontifex maximus from 12 BC

7. divi filius (son of a god) genius Vespasian (r. 69-79 AD)

8. Mystery Cults: Bacchus (Gk. Dionysus) Ceres (Gk. Demeter) Eleusinian Mysteries at Athens 37-41 AD Reign of Caligula, who permits worship of Isis and Serapis

9. 1st-3rd c. AD Worship of Mithras spreads among Roman soldiers Zoroastrianism Ahura-MazdaAhriman

10. 303 AD Persecution of Christians during reign of Diocletian (r. 284-305 AD) 311 AD Edict of toleration issued during reign of Constantine (r. 306-37 AD) 378-95 AD Reign of Theodosius I, who declares Christianity the state religion