1. Professor Dr. Nafeeza Mohd Ismail M.B.B.S.(Mal), Ph.D (UKM) Professor of Pharmacology Faculty of Medicine UiTM Drugs and You ASSIGNMENT

2.  Indications  Contraindications  drug can’t be given to patient  Absolute contraindication  Definitely cannot be given as it has a high risk of causing harm to patient  Relative contraindication  Drug can be given with specific cautions Common terminologies

3.  Tolerance - a reduced response to a drug after repeated administration of that drug. - larger doses must be given to get the same magnitude of effect. - not with all drugs - very important with certain drugs Common terminologies

4. Drug nomenclature Chemical name: - N-acetyl-para-amino phenol 1. **Generic name** - Paracetamol 2. Trade/Proprietary name – Panadol, Tylenol etc.

5. Classification of drugs based on:  MOA: COX inhibitors  Organ system that it affects: CNS drugs, GIT drugs etc  Uses – anti-inflammatories, analgesics, bronchodilators

6. Routes of administration Principles in Administering Medications “5 Rights” of drug administration  Right drug  Right dose  Right time  Right patient  Right route

7. Routes of administration - objectives  To describe the various routes of drug administration  To understand the advantages and disadvantages of the various routes of drug administration

8. Routes of administration

9.  Enteral  enteral means to do with the GIT (gastrointestinal tract)  includes oral, buccal, and rectal.  Parenteral  Not through the GIT  Common routes - IV, IM, SC; but could also include topical and inhalation.  Special – intravenous (i/v)  Does not need to cross any membrane (skips absorption process)

10. Oral - Advantages Advantages  Convenient  (Relatively) Cheap  Variety  Conscious  etc. Disadvantages http://www.boomer.org/c/p1/Ch07/Ch0702.html

11. Buccal/Sublingual  Buccal tablets  held in mouth  designed to dissolve slowly.  Sublingual tablet  under the tongue  rapidly absorbed.  e.g. nitroglycerin may be used for the rapid relief of angina.  Advantages:  Disadvantages: http://www.boomer.org/c/p1/Ch07/Ch0703.html

12. Rectal  Most commonly - suppository or enema.  Advantages:  Disadvantages: http://www.boomer.org/c/p1/Ch07/Ch070 3.html

13. Intravenous Drugs may be given into a peripheral vein over 1 to 2 minutes or longer by infusion. Advantages:  Rapid - quick response possible  Total dose - delivered  blood stream.   doses – infusion. Disadvantages:  Difficult to find suitable vein.  Toxicity a problem with rapid administrations. Diagram - Showing IV, IM, and SC Injection http://www.boomer.org/c/p1/Ch07/Ch0704.html

14. Subcutaneous and Intramuscular Subcutaneous  This involves administration of the drug dose just under the skin. Intramuscular  Larger volume, than sc, can be given by IM Advantages: Disadvantages: http://www.boomer.org/c/p1/Ch07/Ch0705. html

15. Other ROA – what it means &when is it used Inhalation Topical Other ROA's intra-nasal intra-arterial intrathecal http://www.boomer.org/c/p1/Ch07/Ch0706.htm l