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Published byScot Dennis Modified over 8 years ago
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1 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM LUNGS & AIR PASSAGES
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2 WHY IS THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM NEEDED? TAKE IN OXYGEN –GAS NEEDED BY ALL BODY CELLS REMOVING CARBON DIOXIDE –GAS THAT IS A WASTE PRODUCT PRODCUED BY THE CELLS
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3 HOW MUCH O2 DO WE HAVE? FOUR TO SIX MINUTES SUPPLY
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4 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM MUST WORK CONTINOUSLY OR DEATH WILL OCCUR = Respiratory Failure
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5 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM STRUCTURES NOSE PHARYNX LARYNX TRACHEA BRONCHI ALVEOLI LUNGS DIAPHRAGM
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6 NOSE TWO NOSTRILS (NARES) –OPENINGS WHICH AIR ENTERS
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7 NASAL SEPTUM PARTITION OR WALL –CARTILAGE DIVIDES THE NOSE INTO HOLLOW SPACES –CAN BE DAMAGED DUE TO TRAUMA
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8 NASAL CAVITIES TWO HOLLOW SPACES LINED WITH A MUCOUS MEMBRANE RICH BLOOD SUPPLY WARMS AIR FILTERS AIR MOISTENS AIR
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9 MUCOUS MEMBRANES OF THE NASAL CAVITY PRODUCES MUCOUS WHICH: -TRAPS PATHOGENS -TRAPS DIRT
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10 CILIA TINY HAIRLIKE STRUCTURES IN NASAL CAVITY TRAPS DIRT TRAPS PATHOGENS TRAPPED PARTICLES PUSHED TOWARD ESOPHAGUS –SWALLOWED
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11 OLFACTORY RECPTORS LOCATED IN NASAL CAVITY SENSE OF SMELL Dogs – 220 million receptors Humans – 5 million receptors
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12 LACRIMAL DUCTS DRAIN TEARS FROM EYES –DRAINS INTO NOSE PROVIDES ADDITIONAL MOISTURE FOR THE AIR
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13 SINUSES CAVITIES IN THE SKULL AROUND THE NASAL AREA CONNECTED TO NASAL CAVITY BY SHORT DUCTS MUCOUS MEMBRANE –WARMS & MOISTENS AIR RESONANCE FOR THE VOICE
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14 PHARYNX THROAT REGION AIR LEAVES NOSE & ENTERS PHARYNX
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15 THREE SECTIONS OF THE PHARYNX NASOPHARYNX OROPHARYNX LARYNGOPHARYNX
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16 NASOPHARYNX UPPER PORTION BEHIND NASAL CAVITIES PHARYNGEAL TONSILS –ADENOIDS LYMPHATIC TISSUE –EUSTACHIAN TUBE OPENINGS LOCATED
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17 OROPHARYNX MIDDLE SECTION LOCATED BEDHIND ORAL CAVITY RECEIVES AIR & FOOD FROM THE MOUTH
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18 LARYNGOPHARYNX BOTTOM SECTION OF PHARYNX BRANCHES INTO: –TRACHEA CARRIES AIR TO AND FROM THE LUNGS –ESOPHAGUS CARRIES FOOD TO STOMACH
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19 LARYNX VOICE BOX –BETWEEN THE PHARYNX & TRACHEA CARTILAGE CALLED –ADAM’S APPLE
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20 LARYNX VOCAL CORDS –TWO FOLDS OPENING BETWEEN VOCAL CORDS –GLOTTIS AIR ENTERS LUNGS –VOCAL CORDS VIBRATE PRODUCE SOUND OR SPEECH
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21 LARYNX EPIGLOTTIS –PIECE OF CARTILAGE –CLOSES THE OPENING INTO LARYNX DURING SWALLOWING –PREVENTS FOOD & LIQUIDS FROM ENTERING RESPIRATORY TRACT
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22 TRACHEA (WINDPIPE) TUBE EXTENDING FROM LARYNX TO CENTER OF CHEST CARRIES AIR BETWEEN PHARYNX & BRONCHI SERIES OF C-SHAPED CARTILAGE –OPEN ON THE DORSAL SURFACE –HELPS KEEP TRACHEA OPEN
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23 BRONCHI TWO DIVISIONS OF TRACHEA –NEAR CENTER OF CHEST BRONCHUS –ENTERS LUNG –CARRIES AIR BETWEEN TRACHEA AND LUNGS –BRONCHI DIVIDE INTO SMALLER BRONCHI
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24 SMALLEST BRACHES BRONCHIOLES –END IN AIR SACS CALLED ALVEOLI
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25 ALVEOLI AIR SACS –RESEMBLE BUNCH OF GRAPES –RICH NETWORK OF BLOOD CAPILLARIES –CAPILLARIES ALLOW OXYGEN & CARBON DIOXIDE TO EXCHANGE BETWEEN LUNGS & BLOOD
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26 LUNGS RIGHT LUNG –3 SECTIONS OR LOBES SUPERIOR, MIDDLE & INFERIOR LEFT LUNG –2 LOBES SUPERIOR & INFERIOR –SMALLER HEART LIES MORE TO THE LEFT SIDE OF CHEST
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27 PLEURA MEMBRANE OR SAC ENCLOSING EACH LUNG TWO LAYERS –Visceral pleura comes in contact with the lungs –Parietal pleura comes in contact with the ribcage
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28 PROCESS OF RESPIRATION TWO PHASES –INSPIRATION –EXPIRATION
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29 INSPIRATION DIAPHRAGM –DOME SHAPED MUSCLE BELOW THE THORACIC CAVITY –CONTRACTS, INCREASING THE VOLUME AND DECREASING THE PRESSURE INSIDE THE THORACIC CAVITY…LEADING TO AN INFLUX OF AIR ENTERING THE LUNGS.
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31 DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
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32 Obstructive Lung Diseases Problem: can’t get air out, leading to increased CO2 levels. Diseases: -Asthma -COPD (Emphysema, Chronic Bronchitis) - Bronchiectasis
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33 Asthma Inflammatory disease of the smaller airways Increased mucous production and bronchospasms Reversible obstructive lung disease Usually seen in younger patients Frequently has known precipitants, ex: allergies, exercse
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34 Asthma Symptoms -Wheezing -Coughing -Dyspnea Diagnosis -Chest x-ray appears normal -Spirometry
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35 Asthma Treatment -Albuterol – short acting bronchodilator -Salmeterol – long acting bronchodilator -Inhaled Steroids – few side effects *Allergen and tobacco avoidance
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36 Emphysema Irreversible airway damage leading to chronic obstruction to airflow Destruction of alveolar air spaces, leading to decreased surface area of gas exchange
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37 Emphysema Risk Factors -Smoking -increased age Alpha 1 anti-trypsin deficiency -causes early onset emphysema and liver disease -only cause of young patients with emphysema
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38 Emphysema Symptoms -Dyspnea that worsens with exertion -Barrel chest appearance -Wheezing Treatment -Home oxygen therapy -Stop smoking!
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39 Bronchiectasis Persistent inflammation of the airways, leading to abnormal dilation of the bronchi. Mucous collects in the bronchi, increasing the risk for infection. Organisms associated with Bronchiectasis: -Pseudomonas -Staph aureau -H. influenza
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40 Bronchiectasis Symptoms: -Chronic cough -foul smelling sputum -hemoptysis -dyspnea -recurrent pneumonia Treatment: -Bronchodilators -Antibiotics -Postural drainage
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41 Restrictive Lung Diseases Problem: can’t get air in, leading to decreased O2 levels. Diseases: -Pulmonary Fibrosis -Sarcoidosis - Asbestosis -Silicosis
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42 Pulmonary Fibrosis Fibrosis and thickening of the lung tissue Decreased elasticity of the lung A disease of the elderly Symptoms: -progressive dyspnea -dry non-productive cough -hypoxia -clubbing of fingers/toes -honeycomb appearance of lung No effective treatment
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43 Sarcoidosis A multi-organ disease that primarily affects the lungs. -numerous granulomas ( ball- like collection of immune cells trying to destroy a foreign substance) -affects young pts, women, African-Americans -Associated with arthritis, rashes, heart problems, and liver disease. Steroids used for treatment -most cases resolve over time
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44 Asbestosis Chronic exposure to asbestos can occur with: -demolition workers -roofers -plumbers -brake mechanics Symptoms: -dyspnea on exertion -productive cough -wheezing
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45 Asbestosis Pathology: Asbestos fibers are cytotoxic to the macrophages. Rupture of the macrophages liberate fibrogenic materials which induce the following: - Diffuse fibrosis of the lung usually in the lower half, due to exposure to asbestos. Increased risk of Mesothelioma (tumor of the pleura) and Bronchogenic Carcinoma
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46 Silicosis Due to chronic inhalation of silicon dioxide particles Associated with: -granite and sandstone cutting -sandblasting -metal mining (Au, Ag, Pb, Cu) -pottery creation Symptoms: -shortness of breath -productive cough
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47 Silicosis Diagnosis: -history of exposure -upper lobe nodules -eggshell calcifications of lymph nodes in the center of the chest Treatment: -prevention -lung transplantation
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48 CAUSE HEAVY SMOKING PROLONGED EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTANTS
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49 SYMPTOMS DYSPNEA FEELING OF SUFFOCATION PAIN BARREL CHEST CHRONIC COUGH CYANOSIS RAPID RESPIRATIONS WITH PROLONGED EXPIRATION RESPIRATORY FALURE ……….DEATH
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50 TREATMENT NO CURE AVOID SMOKING BRONCHODILATORS PROMPT TREATMENT OF RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS OXYGEN THERAPY RESPIRATORY THERAPY
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51 EPISTAXIS NOSEBLEED –CAPILLARIES IN NOSE BECOME CONGESTED AND BLEED
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52 CAUSES INJURY OR BLOW TO NOSE HYPERTENSION CHRONIC INFECTIONS ANTICOAGULANT DRUGS BLOOD DISEASES –HEMOPHILIA –LEUKEMIA
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53 TREATMENT COMPRESS NOSTRILS ELEVATE HEAD TILT FORWARD SLIGHTLY APPLY COLD COMPRESSES NASAL PACKS CAUTERIZE THE BLEEDING VESSEL ELIMINATE UNDERLYING CAUSE
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54 INFLUENZA (FLU) CONTAGIOUS VIRAL INFECTION –UPPER RESPIRATORY SYSTEM –SUDDEN ONSET
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55 SYMPTOMS CHILLS FEVER COUGH SORE THROAT RUNNY NOSE MUSCLE PAIN FATIGUE
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56 TREATMENT BED REST FLUIDS ANALGESICS –PAIN –FEVER ANTIBIOTICS –NOT EFFECTIVE AGAINST VIRUSES –GIVEN TO AVOID SECONDARY INFECTIONS PNEUMONIA
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57 LARYNGITIS INFLAMMATION –LARYNX –VOCAL CORDS MAY OCCUR WITH RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS
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58 SYMPTOMS HOARSENESS LOSS OF VOICE SORE THROAT DYSPHAGIA DIFFICULTY IN SWALLOWING
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59 TREATMENT REST FLUIDS LIMITED USE OF THE VOICE MEDICATIONS –INFECTION IF PRESENT
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60 PLEURISY INFLAMMATION OF PLEURA –MEMBRANES OF THE LUNGS OCCURS WITH PNEUMONIA OR OTHER INFECTIONS
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61 SYMPTOMS SHARP STABBING PAIN WHILE BREATHING CREPITATION –GRATING SOUNDS IN THE LUNGS DYSPNEA FEVER
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62 TREATMENT REST MEDICATIONS TO RELIEVE PAIN & INFLAMMATION FLUID COLLECTION IN PLEURAL SPACE –THORACENTESIS WITHDRAWAL OF FLIUD THROUGH A NEEDLE
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63 PNEUMONIA INFLAMMATION INFECTION OF LUNGS BUILD UP OF EXUDATE IN ALVEOLI CAUSED BY BACTERIA, VIRUS, OR CHEMICALS
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64 SYMPTOMS CHILLS FEVER CHEST PAIN PRODUCTIVE COUGH DYSPNEA FATIGUE
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65 TREATMENT BEDREST FLUIDS ANTIBIOTICS IF INDICATED RESPIRATORY THERAPY PAIN MEDICATION
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66 RHINITIS INFLAMMATION OF NASAL MUCOUS MEMBRANE –RUNNY NOSE –SORENESS –CONGESTION
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67 COMMON CAUSES INFECTIONS ALLERGENS
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68 TREATMENT FLUIDS MEDICATION TO RELIEVE CONGESTION
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69 SINUSITIS INFLAMMATION OF MUCOUS MEMBRANE LINING SINUSES CAUSED BY BACTERIA OR VIRUS
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70 SYMPTOMS HEADACHE PRESSURE THICK NASAL DISCHARE CONGESTION LOSS OF RESONANCE IN VOICE
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71 TREATMENT ANALGESICS MEDICATIONS TO LOOSEN SECRETIONS MOIST INHALATIONS SURGERY –CHRONIC SINUSITIS OPENS CAVITIES –ENCOURAGE DRAINAGE
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72 TB TUBERCULOSIS –INFECTIOUS DISEASE OF THE LUNGS CAUSED BY BACTERIA MYCOBACTERUIM TUBERCULOSIS
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73 WBC MAY SURROUND INVADING TB ORGAMISMS WALLS OFF CREATING A NODULE CALLED TUBERCLE ORGANISMS REMAIN DORMANT IN THE TUBERCLE CAN CAUSE ACTIVE CASE OF TB –LATER IF BODY REISITANCE IS LOW
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74 SYMPTOMS OF ACTIVE TB FATIGUE CHEST PAIN FEVER NIGHT SWEATS WEIGHT LOSS HEMOPTYSIS –COUGHING UP BLOOD TINGED SPUTUM
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75 TREATMENT ADMINISTRATION OF DRUGS –DESTROY BACTERIA GOOD NUTRITION REST
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76 URI UPPER RESPIRATORY INFECTION COMMON COLD INFLAMMATION OF MUCOUS MEMBRANE LINING UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT
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77 CAUSED BY VIRUSES HIGHLY CONTAGIOUS
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78 SYMPTOMS FEVER RUNNY NOSE WATERY EYES CONGESTION SORE THROAT HACKING COUGH
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79 NO CURE MINIMAL TREATMENT SYMPTOMS LAST ABOUT 1 WEEK ANALGESICS FOR PAIN & FEVER REST INCREASED FLUID INTAKE ANTIHISTAMINES –RELIEVES CONGESTION
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80 THE END
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